DIVERSITY OF ECTOPARASITES ON BATS IN DRAMAGA, BOGOR, INDONESIA
Downloads
Ectoparasites infestation is one of the major health problems affecting animals, including bats, which are known as reservoir hosts for various pathogens. Several reports have shown that a comprehensive understanding of ectoparasites on these animals is crucial from a public health perspective. Therefore, this study aims to identify the diversity of ectoparasites on bats in Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia. The samples were captured at night with a mist net and then identified using the species identification key. Ectoparasites were collected from the body of the samples and identified using a microscope. A total of 56 bats from 9 species, namely Cynopterus brachyotis, Cynopterus sphinx, Cynopterus titthaecheilus, Macroglossus sobrinus, Rousettus leschenaultii, Myotis muricola, Nycteris javanica, Pipistrellus javanicus, and Scotophilus kuhlii were obtained in this study. The results of ectoparasites identification showed the presence of Basilia spp., Eucampsipoda sp., Leptocyclopodia ferrarii (Nycteribiidae), Raymondia sp. (Streblidae), Meristaspis spp., Spinturnix spp. (Spinturnicidae), and ticks (Ixodidae). The total prevalence of infested bats was 51.7%, with females tending to have a higher intensity compared to males. Bats species with the highest prevalence of infestation were Rousettus leschenaultii and Myotis muricola. Meanwhile, this study found no ectoparasites on Macroglossus sobrinus and Scotophilus kuhlii.
Downloads
Azhar I, Khan FAA, Ismail N, Abdullah MT. 2015. Checklist of bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) and their associated bat hosts in Malaysia. Check List 11(5): 1777. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15560/11.5.1777
Alvarez JD, Lit Jr IL, Alviola PA. 2015. Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) from Mount Makiling, Luzon Island: New host and distribution records, with a checklist of species found in the Philippines. Check List 11(1): 1509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1509
Baker EW, Delfinado MD. 1964. Spinturnicidae of South East Asia and The Pacific Region. Pacific Insects 6(4): 571-91.
Balitbangkes. 2015. Pedoman Pengumpulan Data Reservoir (Kelelawar) di Lapangan. [Guidelines for Reservoar (Bat) Data Collection in the Field]. Jakarta (ID): Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
Bordes F, Morand S, Ricardo G. 2008. Bat fly species richness in Neotropical bats: correlations with host ecology and host brain. Oecologia 158(1):109-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1115-x
Brook CE, Dobson AP. 2015. Bats as ‘special’ reservoirs for emerging zoonotic pathogens. Trends in Microbiology 23(3): 172-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2014.12.004
Calisher HC, Childs JE, Field HE, Holmes KV, Schountz T. 2006. Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19(3): 531-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00017-06
Chomel BB, Kasten RW. 2010. Bartonellosis, an increasingly recognized zoonosis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 109(3): 743-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04679.x
Delfinado MD, Baker EW. 1963. Mites of The Family Spinturnicidae From The Philippines (Acarina). Pacific Insects 5(4): 905-20.
Diptyanusa A, Herini ES, Indarjulianto S, Satoto TBT. 2021. The detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in Megachiropteran bats in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: A potential enzootic transmission pattern in the absence of pig holdings. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 14: 280-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.03.009
Fajri SR, Armiani S. 2021. A Prevalence, Intensity, and Associated of Ectoparasitic Fauna among Cave-Dwelling Bats from Lombok Island West Nusa Tenggara. Prisma Sains: Jurnal Pengkajian Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA IKIP Mataram 9(1): 141-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v9i1.3897
Fajri SR, Primawati SN, Hadi I, Tresnani G. 2018. Ectoparasites diversity of bats species collected from Southern Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Journal of Biological Series 1(2): 31-41.
Feng Y, Li Y, Fu S, Li X, Song J, Zhang H, Yang W, Zhang Y, Pan H, Liang G. 2017. Isolation of Kaeng Khoi virus (KKV) from Eucampsipoda sundaica bat flies in China. Virus Research 238: 94-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.06.007
Garg KM, Chattopadhyay B, Doss DPS, Kumar AKV, Kandula S, Ramakrishnan U. 2015. Males and Females Gain Differentially from Sociality in a Promiscuous Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0122180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122180
Gay N, Olival KJ, Bumrungsri S, Siriaroonrat B, Bourgarel M, Morand S. 2014. Parasite and viral species richness of Southeast Asian bats: Fragmentation of area distribution matters. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 3: 161-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.003
Godinho LN, Cripps JK, Coulson G, Lumsden LF. 2013. The effect of ectoparasites on the grooming behaviour of Gould's wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii): An experimental study. Acta Chiropterologica. 15(2): 463-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3161/150811013X679080
Gould E. 1978. Foraging Behavior of Malaysian Nectar-Feeding Bats. Biotropica 10(3): 184-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2387904
Hiller T, Brändel SD, Honner B, Page RA, Tschapka M. 2019. Parasitization of bats by bat flies (Streblidae) in fragmented habitats. Biotropica 52(3): 488 - 501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12757
Hoogstraal H. 1955. Bat Ticks of The Genus Argas (Ixodoidea, Argasidae) I The Subgenus Chiropterargas. Fieldiana: Zoology 37: 579-600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2895
Irving AT, Ahn M, Goh G, Anderson DE, Wang LF. 2021. Lessons from the host defences of bats, a unique viral reservoir. Nature 589: 363-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03128-0
Kumar M, Priya YS, Mathur V, Elangovan V. 2015. Roost Selection and Roosting Ecology of Fulvous Fruitbat, Rousettus leschenaulti (Pteropodidae). International Journal of Advanced Biological Research 5 (1): 62-68.
Lim ZX, Hitch AT, Lee BPYH, Low DHW, Neves ES, Borthwick SA, Smith GJD, Mendenhall IH. 2020. Ecology of bat flies in Singapore: A study on the diversity, infestation bias and host specificity (Diptera: Nycteribiidae). International Journal of Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 12: 29-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.04.010
Low VL, Tan TK, Tohiran KA, Lim YAL, AbuBakar S, Nasir DM. 2022. A novel clade of bat-associated Bartonella detected in the bat fly Leptocyclopodia ferrari (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) parasitizing Cynopterus brachyotis (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Veterinary Microbiology 264: 109284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109284
Luis AD, Hayman DTS, O'Shea TJ, Cryan PM, Gilbert AT, Pulliam JRC, Mills JN, Timonin ME, Willis CKR, Cunningham AA, Fooks AR, Rupprecht CE, Wood JLN, Webb CT. 2013. A comparison of bats and rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic viruses: are bats special?. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280: 20122753. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2753
Maa TC. 1962. Records and Descriptions of Nycteribiidae and Streblidae (Diptera). Pacific Insects 4 (2): 417-436.
Maa TC. 1968. Additions to The Cyclopodiinae Part I (Diptera: Nycteribiidae). Pacific Insects 10 (1): 1-23.
Maa TC. 1971. Review of The Streblidae (Diptera) Parasitic on Megachiropteran Bats. Pacific Insects Monograph 28: 213-243.
Maa TC. 1975. On new Diptera Pupipara from The Oriental Region. Pacific Insect 16(4): 465-486.
Maryanto I, Maharadatunkamsi, Achmadi AS, Wiantoro S, Sulistyadi E, Yoneda M, Suyanto A, Sugardjito J. 2020. Checklist of the mammals of Indonesia. Jakarta (ID): Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI).
Morse SF, Olival KJ, Kosoy M, Billeter S, Patterson BD, Dick CW, Dittmar K. 2012. Global distribution and genetic diversity of Bartonella in bat flies (Hippoboscoidea, Streblidae, Nycteribiidae). Infection, Genetics and Evolution 12: 1717-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.009
Mustari AH, Zulkarnain I, Rinaldi D. 2014. Keanakaragaman Jenis dan Penyebaran Mamalia di Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor. [Species Diversity and Distribution of Mammals in IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor]. Media Konservasi 19(2): 117-25.
Mustari AH. 2020. Biodiversitas di Kampus IPB University: Mammalia, Burung, Amfibi, Reptil, Kupu-Kupu, dan Tumbuhan. [Biodiversity in IPB University Campus: Mammals, Birds. Amphibians, Reptiles, Butterflies, and Plants]. Bogor (ID): IPB Press.
Nangoy M, Ransaleleh T, Lengkong H, Koneri R, Latinne A, Kyes RC. 2021. Diversity of fruit bats (Pteropodidae) and their ectoparasites in Batuputih Nature Tourism Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22(6): 3075-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220609
Putra MIH. 2014. Hubungan Inang-Ektoparasit pada Kelelawar Pemakan Buah di Kampus Universitas Indonesia Depok. [Host-Ectoparasite Relationship on Fruit Bats in Universitas Indonesia, Depok]. [Undergraduate Thesis]. Retrieved from Universitas Indonesia Repository.
Poerwanto SH, Ridhwan LR, Giyantolin G, Ginawati D, Paramitha DPR. 2020. Keanekaragaman Ektoparasit pada Kelelawar Subordo Microchiroptera di Goa Jepang Bukit Plawangan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. [Ectoparasites Diversity of Microchiroptera Bats Suborder in Jepang Cave, Plawangan Hill, Sleman, Yogyakarta]. Jurnal Veteriner 21(4): 629-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2020.21.4.629
Ramanantsalama RV, Andrianarimisa A, Raselimanana AP, Goodman SM. 2018. Rates of hematophagous ectoparasite consumption during grooming by an endemic Madagascar fruit bat. Parasites Vectors 11: 330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2918-1
Reeves WK, Beck J, Orlova MV, Daly JL, Pippin K, Revan F, Loftis AD. 2016. Ecology of bats, their ectoparasites, and associated pathogens on Saint Kitts Island. J Med Entomol 53(5): 1218-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw078
Sauqi MS, Restiadi TI, Koesdarto S, Hastutiek P, Setiawan B, Wijaya A. 2021. Identification of ectoparasites and endoparasites on fruit bats (Cynopterus brachyotis) in Ketapang Timur Village, Ketapang Sub-District, Sampang District. Journal of Parasite Science 5(2): 35-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jops.v5i2.30365
Sumirto A. 2013. Keanekaragaman Jenis Kelelawar di Desa Cikarawang Kecamatan Dramaga Kabupaten Bogor Provinsi Jawa Barat. [Bats Diversity in Cikarawang Village Dramaga District Bogor Regency West Java Province]. [Undergraduate Thesis]. Retrieved from IPB University Repository.
Suyanto A. 2001. Panduan Lapangan Kelelawar di Indonesia. [Field Guide of Bats in Indonesia]. Bogor (ID): Puslitbang Biologi LIPI.
Szentiványi T, Christe P, Glaizot O. 2019. Bat Flies and Their Microparasites: Current Knowledge and Distribution. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6: 115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00115
Szubert-Kruszyńska A, Stańczak J, Cieniuch S, Podsiadły E, Postawa T, Michalik J. 2019. Bartonella and Rickettsia infections in haematophagous Spinturnix myoti mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) and their bat host, Myotis myotis (Yangochiroptera: Vespertilionidae), from Poland. Microbial Ecology 77(3): 759-768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1246-5
Tai YL, Lee YF, Kuo YM, Kuo YJ. 2022. Effects of host state and body condition on parasite infestation of bent-wing bats. Frontiers in Zoology 19(1): 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-022-00457-w
Ter Hofstede HM, Fenton MB. 2005. Relationship between roost preferences, ectoparasite density, and grooming behaviour of neotropical bats. Journal of Zoology. 266: 333-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S095283690500693X
Theodor O. 1959. A Revision of The Genus Cyclopodia (Nycteribiidae, Diptera). Parasitology 49(1-2): 242-308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000026858
Theodor O. 1967. An Illustrated Catalogue of The Rothschild Collection of Nycteribiidae (Diptera) in The British Museum (Natural History). London (UK): British Museum (Natural History).
Tsang SM, Low DHW, Wiantoro S, Smith I, Jayakumar J, Simmons NB, Vijaykrishna D, Lohman DJ, Mendenhall IH. 2021. Detection of Tioman Virus in Pteropus vampyrus Near Flores, Indonesia. Viruses 13: 563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040563
Waldien DL, Wiantoro S. 2021. Nycteris javanica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T14932A22013241.
Webber QMR, McGuire LP, Steven B. 2015. Host behaviour, age and sex correlate with ectoparasite prevalence and intensity in a colonial mammal, the little brown bat. Behaviour 152(1): 83-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003233
Zania FO, Geraldine AP, Putri CK, Edila R, Yudhana A. 2022. Laporan Kasus Infestasi Spinturnix spp. pada Kelelawar Pemakan Buah (Rousettus spp.) di Banyuwangi. [Case report of Spinturnix spp. infestation on Fruit Bats (Rousettus spp.) in Banyuwangi]. Media Kedokteran Hewan 33(3): 233-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/mkh.v33i3.2022.233-243
Copyright (c) 2023 Virgilius Martin Kelake Kedang, Yanri Rizky Natanael Simangunsong, Susi Soviana, Upik Kesumawati Hadi, Supriyono
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree with the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work 1 year after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-noncommerical-noderivates 4.0 International License that allows others to share, copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format, but only where the use is for non-commercial purposes and an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal is mentioned.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
