ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANT USAGE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A COMMUNITY-BASED SURVEY IN INDONESIA
Downloads
Before the availability of a vaccine, Indonesian population relied on traditional medicines to prevent COVID-19. Any species used by indigenous people could lead to further investigations in modern pharmacology, to preserve ancient knowledge, and to plan for plants’ conservation. The study aimed to discover and record species, methods of preparation, route of administration, and motivation in using medicinal plants by the Indonesian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants of survey were selected from the people who live in Java and Bali for responding to an online structured questionnaire. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) was employed in the quantitative analysis of the collected data. The pharmacological relevance of the five plants with the highest RFC was further reviewed. The results showed that respondents used 59 plants from 28 families. Five species with the highest RFC were Curcuma longa (0.707), Zingiber officinale (0.674), Cymbopogon citratus (0.269), Kaempferia galanga (0.174), and Curcuma zanthorrhiza (0.165). Most plants were prepared by boiling (77.97%) and administered orally as a single ingredient or mixed with other herbals. Respondents believed that the plants were beneficial as immune-booster (71.26%), maintain good health (24.85%) and stamina (12.28%), and prevent viral infection, including COVID-19 (5.39%). The most commonly used plants might be scientifically based to boost immunity. However, their usage against COVID-19 and the medicinal value of herbal mixtures should be further investigated.
Downloads
Anywar G, Kakudidi E, Byamukama R, Mukonzo J, Schubert A, Oryem-Origa H. 2020. Medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners to boost the immune system in people living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda. Eur J Integr Med. 35:101011.
Aziz MA, Khan AH, Adnan M, Izatullah I. 2017. Traditional uses of medicinal plants reported by the indigenous communities and local herbal practitioners of Bajaur Agency, Federally Administrated Tribal Areas, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 198: 268-281.
Behl T, Kumar K, Brisc C, Rus M, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Bustea C, Aron RAC, Pantis C, Zengin G, Sehgal A, et al. 2021. Exploring the multifocal role of phytochemicals as immunomodulators. Biomed Pharmacother. 133: 110959.
Belmouhoub M, Aberkane B, Bey MB. 2021. Ethnopharmacological survey on medicinal plants used by Algerian population to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ethnobot Res Appl. 22: 1-13.
Boozari M, Hosseinzadeh H. 2020. Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies. Phyther Res. 35(2): 864-876.
Brahmi F, Iblhoulen Y, Issaadi H, Elsebai MF, Madani K, Boulekbache-Makhlouf L. 2022. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants of bejaia localities from algeria to prevent and treat coronavirus (COVID-19) infection shortened title: phytomedicine to manage COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Tradit Med.: 1-13.
Chebaibi M, Bousta D, Bourhia M, Baammi S, Salamatullah AM, Nafidi HA, Hoummani H, Achour S. 2022. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used against COVID-19. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2022: 2085297.
Choi JG, Kim SY, Jeong M, Oh MS. 2018. Pharmacotherapeutic potential of ginger and its compounds in age-related neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 182: 56-69.
Djalante R, Lassa J, Setiamarga D, Sudjatma A, Indrawan M, Haryanto B, Mahfud C, Sinapoy MS, Djalante S, Rafliana I, et al. 2020. Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Prog Disaster Sci. 6: 100091.
Elfahmi, Woerdenbag HJ, Kayser O. 2014. Jamu: Indonesian traditional herbal medicine towards rational phytopharmacological use. J Herb Med. 4(2): 51-73.
Garg S, Anand A, Lamba Y, Roy A. 2020. Molecular docking analysis of selected phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro receptor. Vegetos. 33(4): 766-781.
Gautam S, Gautam A, Chhetri S, Bhattarai U. 2020. Immunity against COVID-19: Potential role of Ayush Kwath. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 13(1):100350.
Gertsch J, Viveros-Paredes JM, Taylor P. 2011. Plant immunostimulants - Scientific paradigm or myth? J Ethnopharmacol. 136(3): 385-391.
Ghaffari S, Roshanravan N, Tutunchi H, Ostadrahimi A, Pouraghaei M, Kafil B. 2020. Oleoylethanolamide, A bioactive lipid amide, as a promising treatment strategy for Coronavirus/COVID-19. Arch Med Res. 51(5): 464-467.
Hamulka J, Jeruszka-Bielak M, Górnicka M, Drywień ME, Zielinska-Pukos MA. 2020. Dietary supplements during COVID-19 outbreak. Results of Google Trends Analysis supported by PLifeCOVID-19 online studies. Nutrients. 13(1): 54.
Hartanti D, Dhiani A, Lintang Charisma S, Wahyuningrum R. 2020. The Potential Roles of Jamu for COVID-19: A Learn from the Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pharm Sci Res. 7: 12-22.
Ibrahim MAA, Abdelrahman AHM, Hussien TA, Badr EAA, Mohamed TA, El-Seedi HR, Pare PW, Efferth T, Hegazy MEF. 2020. In silico drug discovery of major metabolites from spices as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Comput Biol Med. 126: 104046.
Jadid N, Kurniawan E, Himayani CES, Andriyani, Prasetyowati I, Purwani KI, Muslihatin W, Hidayati D, Tjahjaningrum ITD. 2020. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Tengger tribe in Ngadisari village, Indonesia. Ahmad KS, editor. PLoS One. 15(7): e0235886.
Jagadish PC, Latha KP, Mudgal J, Nampurath GK. 2016. Extraction, characterization and evaluation of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome extracts against acute and chronic inflammation in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 194: 434-439.
Khaerunnisa S, Kurniawan H, Awaluddin R, Suhartati S, Soetjipto S. 2020 Mar. Potential inhibitor of COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) from several medicinal plant compounds by molecular docking study. Preprint.
Khanal P, Duyu T, Patil BM, Dey YN, Pasha I, Wanjari M, Gurav SS, Maity A. 2020. Network pharmacology of AYUSH recommended immune-boosting medicinal plants against COVID-19. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 13(1): 100374.
Khanna K, Kohli SK, Kaur R, Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj V, Ohri P, Sharma A, Ahmad A, Bhardwaj R, Ahmad P. 2020. Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle. Phytomedicine. 85: 153361.
Kim AJ, Kim YO, Shim JS, Hwang JK. 2007. Immunostimulating activity of crude polysaccharide extract isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 71(6): 1428-1438.
Kim MB, Kim C, Song Y, Hwang JK. 2014. Antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects of standardized Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. extract and its active compound xanthorrhizol in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2014: 205915.
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, et al. 2020. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 92(4): 424-432.
Li Y, Liu X, Guo L, Li J, Zhong D, Zhang Y, Clarke M, Jin R. 2020. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Syst Rev. 9(1): 1-6.
Lin LT, Hsu WC, Lin CC. 2014. Antiviral natural products and herbal medicines. J Tradit Complement Med. 4(1): 24-35.
Lin Y, Wang S ping, Zhang J yu, Zhuo Z yuan, Li Xin rou, Zhai C jia, Li Xiao xue, Qi F hua, Ding X, Chen C yun, et al. 2021. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Gaomi, China. J Ethnopharmacol. 265: 113228.
Muderawan IM, Budiawan IM, Giri MKW, Atmaja INB. 2020. Usada: The Ethnomedicine of Balinese Society. Int J Ayurvedic Herb Med. 10(6): 3893-3905.
Nahdi MS, Kurniawan AP. 2019. The diversity and ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the southern slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 20(8): 2279-2287.
Odebunmi CA, Adetunji TL, Adetunji AE, Olatunde A, Oluwole OE, Adewale IA, Ejiwumi AO, Iheme CE, Aremu TO. 2022. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the treatment of COVID-19 and related respiratory infections in Ogbomosho South and North Local Government areas, Oyo State, Nigeria. Plants. 11(19): 2667.
Oladele JO, Ajayi EI, Oyeleke OM, Oladele OT, Olowookere BD, Adeniyi BM, Oyewole OI, Oladiji AT. 2020. A systematic review on COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on curative potentials of Nigeria based medicinal plants. Heliyon. 6(9): e04897.
Pourhoseingholi MA, Vahedi M, Rahimzadeh M. 2013. Sample size calculation in medical studies. Gastroenterol Hepatol from bed to bench. 6(1): 14-17.
Rahayu YYS, Araki T, Rosleine D. 2020. Factors affecting the use of herbal medicines in the universal health coverage system in Indonesia. J Ethnopharmacol. 260: 112974.
Schwarz S, Sauter D, Wang K, Zhang R, Sun B, Karioti A, Bilia AR, Efferth T, Schwarz W. 2014. Kaempferol derivatives as antiviral drugs against the 3a channel protein of coronavirus. Planta Med. 80(2-3): 177-182.
Sen D, Debnath P, Debnath B, Bhaumik S, Debnath S. 2020. Identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease and spike receptor from 10 important spices through structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamic study. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 40(2): 941-962.
Sforcin JM, Amaral JT, Fernandes A, Sousa JPB, Bastos JK. 2009. Lemongrass effects on IL-1β and IL-6 production by macrophages. Nat Prod Res. 23(12): 1151-1159.
Siew YY, Zareisedehizadeh S, Seetoh WG, Neo SY, Tan CH, Koh HL. 2014. Ethnobotanical survey of usage of fresh medicinal plants in Singapore. J Ethnopharmacol. 155(3): 1450-1466.
Silveira D, Prieto-Garcia JM, Boylan F, Estrada O, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Jamal CM, Magalhães PO, Pereira EO, Tomczyk M, Heinrich M. 2020. COVID-19: Is there evidence for the use of herbal medicines as adjuvant symptomatic therapy? Front Pharmacol. 11: 581840.
Statistics Indonesia T. 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali. [cited 2023 May 29]. https://bali.bps.go.id/ statictable/2023/05/19/189/penduduk-provinsi-bali-menurut-agama-yang-dianut-hasil-sensus-penduduk-1971-2000-dan-2010.html.
Sujarwo W, Keim AP, Savo V, Guarrera PM, Caneva G. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of Loloh: Traditional herbal drinks from Bali (Indonesia). J Ethnopharmacol. 169: 34-48.
Sumaryada T, Pramudita CA. 2020. Molecular docking evaluation of some Indonesian’s popular herbals for a possible COVID-19 treatment. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem. 11(3): 9827-9835.
Taek MM, Banilodu L, Neonbasu G, Watu YV, E.W. BP, Agil M. 2019. Ethnomedicine of Tetun ethnic people in West Timor Indonesia: philosophy and practice in the treatment of malaria. Integr Med Res. 8(3): 139-144.
Tasneem S, Liu B, Li B, Choudhary MI, Wang W. 2019. Molecular pharmacology of inflammation: Medicinal plants as anti-inflammatory agents. Pharmacol Res. 139: 126-140.
Torres-Avilez W, Medeiros PM De, Albuquerque UP. 2016. Effect of gender on the knowledge of medicinal plants: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2016:6592363.
Utomo RY, Ikawati M, Meiyanto E. 2020. Revealing the potency of Citrus and Galangal constituents to halt SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preprint.
Vellingiri B, Jayaramayya K, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Govindasamy V, Giridharan B, Ganesan S, Venugopal A, Venkatesan D, Ganesan H, et al. 2020. COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic. Sci Total Environ. 725:138277.
Villena-Tejada M, Vera-Ferchau I, Cardona-Rivero A, Zamalloa-Cornejo R, Quispe-Florez M, Frisancho-Triveño Z, Abarca-Meléndez RC, Alvarez-Sucari SG, Mejia CR, Yañez JA. 2021. Use of medicinal plants for COVID-19 prevention and respiratory symptom treatment during the pandemic in Cusco, Peru: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. 16(9):e0257165.
Wani AR, Yadav K, Khursheed A, Rather MA. 2020. An updated and comprehensive review of the antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents with special focus on their mechanism of action against various influenza and coronaviruses. Microb Pathog. 152:104620.
Yang X, Ji H, Feng Y, Yu J, Liu A. 2018. Structural characterization and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Kaempferia galanga L. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018:9579262.
Yao F, Huang Y, Wang Y, He X. 2018. Anti-inflammatory diarylheptanoids and phenolics from the rhizomes of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.). Ind Crops Prod. 125:454–461.
Yue GGL, Chan BCL, Hon PM, Kennelly EJ, Yeung SK, Cassileth BR, Fung KP, Leung PC, Lau CBS. 2010. Immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharide extract isolated from Curcuma longa. Int J Biol Macromol. 47(3):342–347.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ni Made Dwi Mara Widyani Nayaka, Putu Era Sandhi Kusuma Yuda, Dwi Arymbhi Sanjaya, Desak Ketut Ernawati, Erna Cahyaningsih, Ni Luh Kade Arman Anita Dewi, Maria Malida Vernandes Sasadara
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree with the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work 1 year after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-noncommerical-noderivates 4.0 International License that allows others to share, copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format, but only where the use is for non-commercial purposes and an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal is mentioned.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
