EFFECT OF BOILING CARICA PUBESCENS SEEDS ON ANTINUTRIENT CONTENT AND IN VITRO NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY
This research was conducted to determine the chemical composition and anti-nutritional content of Carica Dieng seeds (Carica pubescens) and their in vitro digestibility after boiling. The process of boiling is frequently employed to reduce antinutrient content and increase the digestibility of nutrients. This research used a completely randomized design, consisting of three treatments with boiling durations of 0, 10, and 20 minutes, each repeated six times. The research revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the tannin and saponin levels of Carica Dieng seeds following the boiling process. The concentration of carica seed tannin was lowered to a range of 36-48%, while the saponin content decreased by 52-58%. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the nutritional and amino acid composition of the seeds after boiling them for a duration of 10 minutes. Lysine (1.57% w/w) dominated the essential amino acids in Carica pubescens seeds, and glutamic acid (3.19% w/w) dominated the non-essential amino acids The digestibility of boiling carica seeds as feed was assessed by including them into complete feed at different proportions: 0% (T0), 5% (T2), 10% (T3), and 15% (T4). This experiment followed a Completely Randomized Design with five replications. The variables included in-vitro dry matter (DMD) and organic (OMD) digestibility. The DMD of carica seeds at a concentration of 0% showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the addition of 5% carica seeds. However, there was no significant difference in DMD between adding carica seeds at levels of 10% and 15% in the total meal. The organic material digestibility variable showed that the treatment without carica seeds was not significantly different from adding 10% carica seeds but was substantially different from adding 5 and 15% carica seeds. Carica pubescens seed supplementation of up to 10-15% remains viable for inclusion in whole feed since it does not reduce digestibility.
Downloads
AOAC. 2005. Official methods of analysis (17th ed.). Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemistry.
Aristasari E, Nur‘Aini, RA., Nopita, W, Lamid, M, Al-Arif, MA. 2020. The growth, protein content, and fatty acid of catfish meat (Pangasius sp.) With the addition of different lysine doses in commercial feed. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 441, No. 1, p. 012018). IOP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012018
Assam ED, Ndelekwute, EK, Demo, K, Okonkwo, AC, Ukachukwu, SN. 2019. Effect of boiling on biochemical composition of raw Cassia Tora seeds and its potential as feed ingredient in poultry feeds. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 21(3): 288-293.
Briones-Labarca V, Plaza-Morales M, Giovagnoli-Vicuña C, Jamett F. 2015. High hydrostatic pressure and ultrasound extractions of antioxidant compounds, sulforaphane and fatty acids from Chilean papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) seeds: Effects of extraction conditions and methods. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 60(1): 525-534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.07.057
Bunglavan SJ, Dutta N. 2013. Use of tannins as organic protectants of protein in the digestion of ruminants. J. Livestock Sci. 4: 67-77.
Chairunnisa S, Wartini, NM, Suhendra, L. 2019. Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Maserasi terhadap Karakteristik Ekstrak Daun Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) sebagai Sumber Saponin J. Rekayasa Dan Manaj. Agroindustri 7: 551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/JRMA.2019.v07.i04.p07
Chaovanalikit A, Wrolstad RE. 2004. Total anthocyanins and total phenolics of fresh and processed cherries and their antioxidant properties. Journal of food science 69(1): FCT67-FCT72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb17858.x
Chaturvedi S, Hemamalini R, Sunil KK. 2012. Effect of processing conditions on saponin content and antioxidant activity of Indian varieties of soybean (Glycine max Linn.). Annals of Phytomedicine. 1(1): 62-68.
Hemmige NH., Abbey L, Asiedu SK. 2017. An overview of nutritional and antinutritional factors in green leafy vegetables. Int J Hortic Sci. 1(2):0001 https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2017.01.00011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2017.01.00011
Huang Y, Duan W, Wang L, Xiao J, Zhang Y. 2019. Orthogonal optimization of beef stir-fried process followed by isolation and identification of the umami peptides by consecutive chromatography and LC-Q-TOF/MS.Int J Food Prop. 22(1): 1773-1785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2019.1677705
Ilelaboye NOA, Amoo, IA, Pikuda, OO. 2013. Effect of cooking methods on mineral and anti nutrient composition of some green leafy vegetables. Archives of Applied Science Research, 5(3): 254-260.
Ismail N, Obeidat BS. 2023. Olive leaves as alternative feed for finishing lambs: evaluation of feed intake, nutrients digestibility, growth performance, and carcase quality. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 22(1): 214-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2023.2179429
Jamarun N, Pazla R, Yanti G. 2021. Effect of boiling on in-vitro nutrients digestibility, rumen fluid characteristics, and tannin content of mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaves as animal feed. In IOP conference series: earth and environmental science (Vol. 733, No. 1, p. 012106). IOP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/733/1/012106
Jayanegara A, Harahap RP, Ridla M, Laconi EB, Nahrowi. 2018. Chemical composition and methane emission of some tropical forage legumes from Indonesia. AIP Conference Proceedings 2021, 050002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5062752
Kim, SW., Less JF, Wang L, Yan T, Kiron V, Kaushik SJ, Lei XG. 2019. Meeting global feed protein demand: challenge, opportunity, and strategy. Annual review of animal biosciences, 7: 221-243.Kiranmayi P 2014. Bioactive compounds in plants act as anti-nutritional factors. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 6(2): 36-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014838
Kong F, Li Y, Diao Q, Bi Y, Tu Y. 2021. The crucial role of lysine in the hepatic metabolism of growing Holstein dairy heifers as revealed by LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. Animal Nutrition, 7(4), 1152-1161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.001
Lakram N, En-Nahli Y, Zouhair FZ, Moutik S, Kabbour R, El Maadoudi, E. H., ... & Naciri, M. 2019. The impact of optimizing the detoxification of Argane (Argania Spinosa) press cake on nutritional quality and saponin levels. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 9(2), 235-246.
Lalramhlimi, B, Mukherjee D, Chakraborty I, Ghosh N, Chattopadhyay A, Dey RC. 2022. Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feeds. In Fruits and Vegetable Wastes: Valorization to Bioproducts and Platform Chemicals: Springer Nature Singapore. p. 139-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9527-8_6
Li X, Zheng S, Wu G. 2020. Amino acid metabolism in the kidneys: nutritional and physiological significance. Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health: Amino acids in systems function and health, 71-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_5
Maslami V, Marlida Y, Nur YS, Adzitey F, Huda N. 2018. A review on potential of glutamate producing lactic acid bacteria of West Sumatera's fermented food origin, as feed additive for broiler chicken. Journal of World's Poultry Research, 8(4): 120-126.
Mertens DR., & Grant, RJ. 2020. Digestibility and intake. Forages: the science of grassland agriculture, 2, 609-631. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119436669.ch34
Mayulu H. 2014.The nutrient digestibility of locally sheep fed with amofer palm oil byproduct-based complete feed. Internat. J. Sci. Eng 7 (2): 106-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12777/ijse.7.2.106-112
Mayulu H, Fauziah, N, Christiyanto, M, Sunarso, S, Haris MI. 2019. Digestibility value and fermentation level of local feed-based ration for sheep. Animal Production, 20(2): 95-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2018.20.2.706
Muhammad PH, Luh Putu, W, AAM DA. (2015). Pengaruh suhu dan lama curing terhadap kandungan senyawa bioaktif ekstrak etanol bunga kecombrang
(Nicolaia speciosa Horan). Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri, 3(4), 92-102.
Murni R, Akmal A, Okrisandi Y. 2012. Pemanfaatan kulit buah kakao yang difermentasi dengan kapang Phanerochaeta chrysosporium sebagai pengganti hijauan dalam ransum ternak kambing. Agrinak. 2: 6-10.
Ndidi US, Ndidi, CU, Olagunju, A, Muhammad A, Billy FG, Okpe O. 2014. Proximate, antinutrients and mineral composition of raw and processed (Boiled and Roasted) Sphenostylis stenocarpa seeds from Southern Kaduna, Northwest Nigeria. International Scholarly Research Notices. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/280837
Negi JS, Negi PS, Pant GJ, Rawat MS, Negi SK. 2013. Naturally occurring saponins: Chemistry and biology. Journal of Poisonous and Medicinal Plant Research. 1(1): 001-006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/621459
Ningsih AS, Waspiah, W, Salsabilla, S. 2019. Indikasi Geografis atas Carica Dieng Sebagai Strategi Penguatan Ekonomi Daerah. Jurnal Suara Hukum, 1(1):105-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v1n1.p105-120
Nurzaman F, Djajadisastra J dan Elya B, 2018. Identifikasi kandungan saponin dalam ekstrak kamboja merah (Plumeria rubra l.) dan daya surfaktan dalam sediaan kosmetik. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 8(2): 85-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22435/jki.v8i2.325
Pasaribu T, Astuti DA, Wina E, Sumiati, Setiyono A. 2014a. Saponin content of Sapindus rarak pericarp affected by particle size and type of solvent, its biological activity on Eimeria tenella oocysts. Int J Poult Sci. 13: 347-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2014.347.352
Pathak AK. 2008. Various factors affecting microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Veterinary World, 1(6): 186.
Perdana SY, S Nirwani, Supriyantini E. 2012. The effect of ash content during boiling and soaking time of water on tannin levels of fruit and mangrove flour (Avicennia marina) J. Mar. Res. 1226-234.
Sandi S, Ali AIM, Akbar AA. 2015. In vitro test of complete wafer ration with different adhesives. Jurnal Peternakan Sriwijaya (J. of Sriwijaya Animal Science). 4(2): 7-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33230/JPS.4.2.2015.2802
Slyamova AY, Sarsembayeva NB, Ussenbayev AE and Paritova AY. 2016. Influence of functional feed additive at the basis of the chankanay deposit’s zeolite to the intestinal microbiocenosis of broiler chickens. International Journal of Advances in Chemical Engineering and Biological Sciences, 3 (1): 85-87. DOI: 10.15242/IJACEBS. AE0416119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15242/IJACEBS.AE0416119
Suardin N, Sadiah, Aka R. 2014. Kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik campuran campuran rumput mulato (Brachiria hybrid.cv mulato) dengan jenis legum berbeda menggunakan cairan rumensapi. Jitro Vol 1(1): 16-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v1i1.357
Talabi JY, Osukoya OA, Ajayi OO, Adegoke GO. 2016. Nutritional and antinutritional compositions of processed Avocado (Persea americana Mill) seeds. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 6(2), 6-12.
Tafsin M. 2019. Effect of bio activator use on corn cobs as a complete feed on performance and digestibility of local sheep. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 260, No. 1, p. 012047). IOP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/260/1/012047
Temitope OK, Adeleke A, Joseph KH, Salau APO, Adewale B. 2013. Changes in Saponins content of some selected Nigerian vegetables during blanching and juicing. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 3(3): 38-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-0333842
Thakur NS, Kumar P. 2017. Anti-nutritional factors, their adverse effects and need for adequate processing to reduce them in food. Agric INTERNATIONAL, 4(1), 56-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2454-8634.2017.00013.4
Tilley JMA, Terry DR. 1963. A two‐stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass and forage science, 18(2), 104-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x
Trisnadewi AAS, Cakra IGLO, Wirawan IW, Mudita IM, Sumardani NLG. 2014. Substitution of Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) with Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) in the Ration Against Invitro Digestibility. Pastura 3(2): 106-109.
Yanuartono Y, Purnamaningsih H, Nururrozi A, Indrajulianto S. 2017. Saponin: dampak terhadap ternak (Ulasan). Jurnal Peternakan Sriwijaya, 6(2): 79-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33230/JPS.6.2.2017.5083
Yanuartono Y, Nururrozi A, Indarjulianto S, Purnamaningsih H. 2019. Peran protozoa pada pencernaan ruminansia dan dampak terhadap lingkungan. Ternak Tropika : Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 20(1): 16-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtapro.2019.020.01.3
Wang JK, Ye JA, Liu JX. 2012. Effects of tea saponins on rumen microbiota, rumen fermentation, methane production and growth performance—a review. Trop Anim Health Prod. 44: 697-706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9960-8
Williamson G, & Payne WJA. 1978. An introduction to animal husbandry in the tropics (No. Ed. 3). Longman.
Wu G, Bazer FW, Dai Z, Li D, Wang J ,Wu Z. 2014.
Amino acid nutrition in animals: protein synthesis and beyond. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci., 2(1), 387-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114113
Copyright (c) 2024 Rahma Wulan Idayanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree with the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work 1 year after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-noncommerical-noderivates 4.0 International License that allows others to share, copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format, but only where the use is for non-commercial purposes and an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal is mentioned.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
