SPECIES DIVERSITY OF SOIL FUNGI FROM A CORN PLANTATION AT ECHAGUE, PHILIPPINES
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Soil fungi are a critical component of agroecosystems and provide ecological services affecting food and bioproduct production. Awareness of the composition and distribution of local species is necessary to maximize the productivity and sustainability of agroecosystems. This study aimed at isolating fungi from soil samples collected from a corn plantation at Echague, Isabela, morphologically defining, characterizing, and determining the diversity of fungal isolate species. Soil samples from five (5) different sampling units were collected, and microbiological techniques were used to isolate the fungi. Identification was performed by morphological characterization of fungal isolates guided by taxonomic keys and textbooks. Fungal diversity was assessed using Simpson's indices of diversity. Sixteen (16) fungal isolates were found; 12 were known and four (4) were unidentified. Ten (10) species belonged to the Ascomycota group, and two (2) belonged to the Zygomycota class. Aspergillus species dominated the region among all species isolated and established. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus were densely populated and well distributed. A potent biocontrol agent was also identified, namely Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride. The Mucor sp. and Rhizopus stolonifer (Zygomycota fungi) were also identified.
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Ackerson, J. P. (2018). Soil sampling guidelines. Purdue University: Purdue Extension. [Updated 2018 Nov; cited 2020 Sept 14]. Available from: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/AY/AY-368-W.pdf
Altoveros, N. C., & Borromeo, T. H. (2007). The state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Plant Industry, Philippines.
Ellouze, W., Esmaeili Taheri, A., Bainard, L. D., Yang, C., Bazghaleh, N., Navarro-Borrell, A., & Hamel, C. (2014). Soil fungal resources in annual cropping systems and their potential for management. BioMed Research International, 53, 18–24.
Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Müller, C. T., Lindahl, B. D., Rogers, H. J., & Boddy, L. (2015). Priority effects during fungal diversity establishment in beech wood. ISME Journal, 9, 2246–2260.
Horneck, D. A., Sullivan, D. M., Owen, J. S., & Hart, J. M. (2011). Soil test interpretation guide (EC 1478). Corvallis: Oregon State University Extension Service.
Kilvin, S. N., Winston, G. C., Goulden, M. L., & Treseder, K. K. (2014). Environmental filtering affects soil fungal diversity composition more than dispersal limitation at regional scales. Fungal Ecology, 12, 14–25.
Lemaire, G., Carvalho, P. C. F., Kronberg, S., & Recous, S. (2018). Agroecosystem diversity. Academic Press.
Oliver, M., & Caramallo, R. (2014). Aspergillus fumigatus: A mere bioaerosol or a powerful biohazard? Nova Acta Científica Compostelana. Bioloxía, 21, 57–64.
Patel, S. V., Bosamia, T. C., Bhalani, H. N., Singh, P., & Kumar, A. (2015). Aflatoxins: Causes and effects. Agribios: A Monthly Magazine of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 13(9), 140–142.
Quimio, T. H., & Hanlin, R. T. (1999). Illustrated genera and species of plant pathogenic fungi in the tropics. College of Agriculture Publication Program.
Rhodes, J. C. (2006). Aspergillus fumigatus: Growth and virulence. Medical Mycology, 47, 71–81.
Rousk, J., Brookes, P. C., & Bååth, E. (2010a). Investigating the mechanisms for the opposing pH relationships of fungal and bacterial growth in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, 926–934.
Rousk, J., Brookes, P. C., Bååth, E., Lauber, C. L., Lozupone, C., Caporaso, J. G., & Fierer, N. (2010b). Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. ISME Journal, 4, 1–12.
Singh, R. K. (2010). Trichoderma: A biocontrol agent for management of soil-borne diseases. Agropedia. [Updated 2010 Jun 06; cited 2020 Sept 09]. Available from: http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/trichoderma-bio-control-agent-management-soil-born-diseases
Toma, F. M., & Faqi Abdulla, N. Q. (2012). Isolation, identification and seasonal distribution of soil-borne fungi in different areas of Erbil Governorate. Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research in Biology, 4(3), 246–255.
Vandermeer, J. H. (2011). The ecology of agroecosystems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, USA.
van Heerden, I., Cronje, C., Swart, S. H., & Kotze, J. M. (2002). Microbial, chemical and physical aspects of citrus waste composting. Bioresource Technology, 81, 71–76.
Williams, J. H., Phillips, T. D., Jolly, P. E., Stiles, J. K., Jolly, C. M., & Aggarwal, D. (2004). Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(5), 1106–1122.
Yao, Q., Liu, J., Yu, Z., Li, Y., Jin, J., & Liu, X. (2017). Changes in bacterial community composition after three years of biochar application in black soil of Northeast China. Applied Soil Ecology, 113, 11–21.
Berikut daftar pustaka dengan tahun tanpa tanda kurung, struktur lain tetap dipertahankan:
Ackerson, J. P. 2018. Soil sampling guidelines. Purdue University: Purdue Extension. [Updated 2018 Nov; cited 2020 Sept 14]. Available from: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/AY/AY-368-W.pdf
Altoveros, N. C., & Borromeo, T. H. 2007. The state of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Plant Industry, Philippines.
Ellouze, W., Esmaeili Taheri, A., Bainard, L. D., Yang, C., Bazghaleh, N., Navarro-Borrell, A., & Hamel, C. 2014. Soil fungal resources in annual cropping systems and their potential for management. BioMed Research International 53:18–24.
Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Müller, C. T., Lindahl, B. D., Rogers, H. J., & Boddy, L. 2015. Priority effects during fungal diversity establishment in beech wood. ISME Journal 9:2246–2260.
Horneck, D. A., Sullivan, D. M., Owen, J. S., & Hart, J. M. 2011. Soil test interpretation guide (EC 1478). Corvallis: Oregon State University Extension Service.
Kilvin, S. N., Winston, G. C., Goulden, M. L., & Treseder, K. K. 2014. Environmental filtering affects soil fungal diversity composition more than dispersal limitation at regional scales. Fungal Ecology 12:14–25.
Lemaire, G., Carvalho, P. C. F., Kronberg, S., & Recous, S. 2018. Agroecosystem diversity. Academic Press.
Oliver, M., & Caramallo, R. 2014. Aspergillus fumigatus: A mere bioaerosol or a powerful biohazard? Nova Acta Científica Compostelana. Bioloxía 21:57–64.
Patel, S. V., Bosamia, T. C., Bhalani, H. N., Singh, P., & Kumar, A. 2015. Aflatoxins: Causes and effects. Agribios: A Monthly Magazine of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 13(9):140–142.
Quimio, T. H., & Hanlin, R. T. 1999. Illustrated genera and species of plant pathogenic fungi in the tropics. College of Agriculture Publication Program.
Rhodes, J. C. 2006. Aspergillus fumigatus: Growth and virulence. Medical Mycology 47:71–81.
Rousk, J., Brookes, P. C., & Bååth, E. 2010a. Investigating the mechanisms for the opposing pH relationships of fungal and bacterial growth in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42:926–934.
Rousk, J., Brookes, P. C., Bååth, E., Lauber, C. L., Lozupone, C., Caporaso, J. G., & Fierer, N. 2010b. Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. ISME Journal 4:1–12.
Singh, R. K. 2010. Trichoderma: A biocontrol agent for management of soil-borne diseases. Agropedia. [Updated 2010 Jun 06; cited 2020 Sept 09]. Available from: http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/trichoderma-bio-control-agent-management-soil-born-diseases
Toma, F. M., & Faqi Abdulla, N. Q. 2012. Isolation, identification and seasonal distribution of soil-borne fungi in different areas of Erbil Governorate. Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research in Biology 4(3):246–255.
Vandermeer, J. H. 2011. The ecology of agroecosystems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, USA.
van Heerden, I., Cronje, C., Swart, S. H., & Kotze, J. M. 2002. Microbial, chemical and physical aspects of citrus waste composting. Bioresource Technology 81:71–76.
Williams, J. H., Phillips, T. D., Jolly, P. E., Stiles, J. K., Jolly, C. M., & Aggarwal, D. 2004. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80(5):1106–1122.
Yao, Q., Liu, J., Yu, Z., Li, Y., Jin, J., & Liu, X. 2017. Changes in bacterial community composition after three years of biochar application in black soil of Northeast China. Applied Soil Ecology 113:11–21.
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