ENHANCING THERAPEUTIC SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION BY COMPREHENSIVE BIOSTIMULANT INTEGRATION: HARMONIZING PLANT AND MICROBIAL EXTRACT
Significance of Microbial and Non-microbial Bio-stimulants
Downloads
HIGHLIGHTS
- Integrative insights into Non-microbial and Microbial Biostimulants.
- Focus on enhancing significant secondary metabolites and plant quality.
- Comprehensive analysis of sustainable agricultural practices.
- Future scope and positive research directions in Biostimulants.
- Role of biostimulants in stress resilience.
ABSTRACT
In recent decades, biostimulants have become recognized as organic alternatives for promoting sustainable agricultural practices, extensively applied across agriculture, horticulture, ornamental plants, and greenhouses. Unlike biofertilizers and biopesticides, biostimulants are derived from plants, animals, and microbes and classified by their chemical composition. They are primarily divided into non-microbial and microbial biostimulants. Non-microbial biostimulants include humic substances, seaweeds, Chitosan, protein hydrolysates, amino acids, and inorganic compounds, while microbial biostimulants consist of plant growth-promoting bacteria and beneficial fungi. This review paper consolidates the recent positive effects of biostimulants on sustainable agriculture and outlines potential research areas for the future. Biostimulants serve as biocontrol agents that promote plant growth and development, also reported to enhance the production of valuable industrial therapeutic secondary metabolites. Traditionally, plants with medicinal properties have been used for natural remedies, and biostimulants aim to elevate the secondary metabolite content in these therapeutic plants. Additionally, the significance of both microbial and non-microbial biostimulants is touched upon. A review of existing literature indicates that biostimulants significantly boost nutrient absorption, enhance resilience against abiotic stress, replenish nutrients, and improve soil quality.
Acuña A, Gardner D, Villalobos L, Danneberger K. 2022. Effects of plant biostimulants on seedling root and shoot growth of three cool‐season turfgrass species in a controlled environment. Int Turfgrass Soc Res J 14(1):416-21. DOI: 10.1002/its2.97 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/its2.97
Ajibade OA, Oladipo EK, Kwenda S, Khumalo Z, Ismail A, Oloke JK, …, Onyeaka H. 2023. Whole genomic sequence of Enterobacter sichuanensis AJI 2411 – A plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Gene 887:147725. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147725 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2023.147725
Alizadeh A, Moghaddam M, Asgharzade A, Sourestani MM. 2020. Phytochemical and physiological response of Satureja hortensis L. to different irrigation regimes and chitosan application. Ind Crops Prod. 158:112990. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112990
Altaey DKA, Majid ZZ. 2018. The activity of antioxidants enzymes and npk contents as affected by water qaulity, kinetin, bio and organic fertilization in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Iraqi J Agric Sci 49(3):506-18. DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v49i3.123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v49i3.123
Al-Taweel SK, Mohammed AA. 2023. Effect of exogenous application of nano fertilizers and seaweeds extract on the growth, yield, and total alkaloids content of Hyoscyamus niger. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1262(5). DOI: 10.1088/1755- 1315/1262/5/052010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/5/052010
Amin M, Ahmad R, Ali A, Hussain I, Mahmood R, Aslam M, Lee DJ. 2018. Influence of silicon fertilization on maize performance under limited water supply. Silicon 10(2):177-83. DOI: 10.1007/s12633-015-9372-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-015-9372-x
Assi NN, Zahwan TA. 2023. Response of pomegranate trees to herd manure addition and spraying with fulvic acid and brassinolide. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1262(4). DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1262/4/042071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/4/042071
Avio L, Maggini R, Ujvári G, Incrocci L, Giovannetti M, Turrini A. 2020. Phenolics content and antioxidant activity in the leaves of two artichoke cultivars are differentially affected by six mycorrhizal symbionts. Sci Hortic 264 (May 2019):109153. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109153
Baltazar M, Correia S, Guinan KJ, Sujeeth N, Bragança R, Gonçalves B. 2021. Recent advances in the molecular effects of biostimulants in plants: An overview. Biomolecules 11(8). DOI: 10.3390/biom11081096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081096
Banakar SN, Kumar P, Gautam C, Me P. 2020. Foliar application of red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) bioformulations increased the levels of chlorophyll content in rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 9(1):408-10
Banakar SN, Prasanna Kumar MK, Mahesh HB, Parivallal PB, Puneeth ME, Gautam C, …, Narayan SS. 2022. Red-seaweed biostimulants differentially alleviate the impact of fungicidal stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci Rep 12(1):1-12. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10010-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10010-8
Bekiesch P, Oberhofer M, Sykora C, Urban E, Zotchev SB. 2021. Piperazic acid containing peptides produced by an endophytic Streptomyces sp. isolated from the medicinal plant Atropa belladonna. Nat Prod Res 35(7):1090-96. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019. 1639174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1639174
Bernstein N, Gorelick J, Zerahia R, Koch S. 2019. Impact of N, P, K, and humic acid supplementation on the chemical profile of medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L). Front Plant Sci 10. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00736
Brouwers E, Draisma M, Swam K van, Veen AJ, Burger L. 2018. Identification of the seaweed biostimulant market (phase 1). (Phase 1):1-64. Available from: https://www. northseafarmers.org/public/documents/Bio4safe_WP1_D112_Seaweed-biostimulant- market_North-Sea-Farm-Foundation_December-2018.pdf
Calvo P, Nelson L, Kloepper JW. 2014. Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant Soil 383(1-2):3-41. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8
Canellas LP, Olivares FL, Aguiar NO, Jones DL, Nebbioso A, Mazzei P, Piccolo A. 2015. Humic and fulvic acids as biostimulants in horticulture. Sci Hortic 196:15-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.013
Caser M, Victorino ÍMM, Demasi S, Berruti A, Donno D, Lumini E,…, Scariot V. 2019. Saffron cultivation in marginal alpine environments: How AMF inoculation modulates yield and bioactive compounds. Agronomy 9(1). DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9010012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9010012
Chand D, Pratap M, Birthal S, Kumara TMK. 2024. Biostimulants for sustainable development of agriculture: A bibliometric content analysis. Discov Agric (2025). DOI: 10.1007/s44279-024-00149-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-024-00149-5
Cieślik M, Harhala M, Orwat F, Dąbrowska K, Górski A, Jończyk-Matysiak E. 2022. Two newly isolated enterobacter-specific bacteriophages: Biological properties and stability studies. Viruses 14(7). DOI: 10.3390/v14071518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071518
Daengbussadee C, Laopaiboon L, Kaewmaneewat A, Sirisantimethakom L, Laopaiboon P. 2021. Novel methods using an Arthrobacter sp. to create anaerobic conditions for biobutanol production from sweet sorghum juice by Clostridium beijerinckii. Processes 9(1):1-11. DOI: 10.3390/pr9010178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010178
Daneshvar Hakimi Maibodi N, Kafi M, Nikbakht A, Rejali F. 2015. Effect of foliar applications of humic acid on growth, visual quality, nutrients content and root parameters of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). J Plant Nutr 38(2):224-36. DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2014.939759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.939759
Elwaziri E, Ismail H, El-Khairl ESA, Al-Qahtani SM, Al-Harbi NA, Abd Elgawad HG, …, Osman A. 2023. Biostimulant application of whey protein hydrolysates and potassium fertilization enhances the productivity and tuber quality of sweet potato. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 51(2):1-16. DOI: 10.15835/nbha51213122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha51213122
Ertani A, Schiavon M, Nardi S. 2017. Transcriptome-wide identification of differentially expressed genes in Solanum lycopersicon L. in response to an Alfalfa-protein hydrolysate using microarrays. Front Plant Sci 8:1–19. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01159
Farruggia D, Tortorici N, Iacuzzi N, Alaimo F, Leto C, Tuttolomondo T. 2024. Biostimulants improve plant performance of rosemary growth in agricultural organic system. Agronomy 14(1). DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14010158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010158
Fawzy ZF, El-Ramady H, Azab MA, Mahdy HAA. 2023. Can foliar application of natural biostimulants reduce nitrate and fiber content in fresh green bean under soil nutrient deficiency? Bull Natl Res Cent. 47(1). DOI: 10.1186/s42269-023-01135-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-023-01135-5
Gao P, Wang K, Qi C, Chen K, Xiang W, Zhang Y, …, Shu C. 2024. A new method for discovering plant biostimulants. Plants 13(1). DOI: 10.3390/plants13010056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010056
Giglou MT, Giglou RH, Esmaeilpour B, Azarmi R, Padash A, Falakian M, …, Lajayer HM. 2022. A new method in mitigation of drought stress by chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles and growth stimulant in peppermint. Ind Crops Prod 187. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115286
Giovannini L, Palla M, Agnolucci M, Avio L, Sbrana C, Turrini A, Giovannetti M. 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and associated microbiota as plant biostimulants: Research strategies for the selection of the best performing inocula. Agronomy 10(1). DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10010108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010106
González-Morales S, Solís-Gaona S, Valdés-Caballero MV, Juárez-Maldonado A, Loredo-Treviño A, Benavides-Mendoza A. 2021. Transcriptomics of biostimulation of plants under abiotic stress. Front Genet 12. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.583888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.583888
Gorrasi S, Pasqualetti M, Franzetti A, Gonzalez-Martinez A, Gonzalez-Lopez J, Muñoz- Palazon B, Fenice M. 2021. Persistence of enterobacteriaceae drawn into a marine saltern (Saline di Tarquinia, Italy) from the adjacent coastal zone. Water 13(11):1-15. DOI: 10.3390/w13111443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111443
Goudarzian A, Pirbalouti AG, Hossaynzadeh M. 2020. Menthol, balance of menthol/menthone, and essential oil contents of Mentha × Piperita L. under foliar-applied chitosan and inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. J Essent Oil-Bearing Plants 23(5):1012-21. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2020.1828177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1828177
Guerra M, Carrasco-Fernández J, Valdés JH, Panichini M, Castro JF. 2023. Draft genome of Pseudomonas sp. RGM 2987 isolated from Stevia philippiana roots reveals its potential as a plant biostimulant and potentially constitutes a novel species. Electron J Biotechnol 61:9-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.10.001
Guillard K, Inguagiato JC. 2017. Normalized difference vegetative index response of nonirrigated Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue lawn turf receiving seaweed extracts. Hort Science 52(11):1615-20. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI12090-17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12090-17
Guo DJ, Li DP, Singh RK, Singh P, Verma KK, Sharma A, ,…, Li YR. 2022. Comparative transcriptome analysis of two sugarcane varieties in response to diazotrophic plant growth promoting endophyte Enterobacter roggenkampii ED5. J Plant Interact 17(1):75-84. DOI: 10.1080/17429145.2021.2012608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2021.2012608
Gurav R, Nalavade V, Aware C, Vyavahare G, Bhatia SK, Yang YH, …, Jadhav J. 2020. Microbial degradation of poultry feather biomass in a constructed bioreactor and application of hydrolysate as bioenhancer to vegetable crops. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(2):2027-35. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06536-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06536-6
Gu YL, Li JZ, Li Y, Cong S, Wang J, Ma YN, Wei HL. 2023. Pseudomonas cyclic lipopeptide medpeptin: Biosynthesis and modulation of plant immunity. Engineering 28:153-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.05.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2023.05.016
Hidangmayum A, Dwivedi P, Katiyar D, Hemantaranjan A. 2019. Application of chitosan on plant responses with special reference to abiotic stress. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 25(2):313-26. DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0633-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0633-1
Jacomassi LM, Viveiros J de O, Oliveira MP, Momesso L, de Siqueira GF, Crusciol CAC. 2022. A seaweed extract-based biostimulant mitigates drought stress in sugarcane. Front Plant Sci 13. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.865291
Ji C, Liu Z, Hao L, Song X, Wang C, Liu Y, …, Liu X. 2020. Effects of Enterobacter cloacae HG-1 on the nitrogen-fixing community structure of wheat rhizosphere Soil and on Salt Tolerance. Front Plant Sci 11:1-17. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01094
Jiménez-Arias D, Morales-Sierra S, Suárez E, Lozano-Juste J, Coego A, Estevez JC, …, Rodriguez PL. 2023. Abscisic acid mimic-fluorine derivative 4 alleviates water deficit stress by regulating ABA-responsive genes, proline accumulation, CO2 assimilation, water use efficiency and better nutrient uptake in tomato plants. Front Plant Sci 14:1-12. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191967 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1191967
Jolayemi OL. 2023. Biostimulant potential of agro-industrial side-streams-sustainable sugar beet cultivation and drought tolerance in wheat. Acta Univ Agric Suec 2023:71. DOI: 10.54612/a.42nikatmm3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54612/a.42nikatmm3
Kamran A, Mushtaq M, Arif M, Rashid S. 2023. Role of biostimulants (ascorbic acid and fulvic acid) to synergize Rhizobium activity in pea (Pisum sativum L. var. meteor). Plant Physiol Biochem 196:668-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.018
Kanawi MA, Haydar MAL, Radhi WN. 2021. Effect of chitin and chitosan in improvement of plant growth and anti-fungal activity. Egypt J Bot 61(2):513-19. DOI: 10.21608/ejbo.2021.41084.1549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ejbo.2021.41084.1549
Kapoore RV, Wood EE, Llewellyn CA. 2021. Algae biostimulants: A critical look at microalgal biostimulants for sustainable agricultural practices. Biotechnol Adv 49:107754. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107754 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107754
Kumar A, Tripti, Voropaeva O, Maleva M, Panikovskaya K, Borisova G, …, Bruno LB. 2021. Bioaugmentation with copper tolerant endophyte Pseudomonas lurida strain EOO26 for improved plant growth and copper phytoremediation by Helianthus annuus. Chemosphere 266. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128983
Li Q, Li R, He F, Yang Z, Yu J. 2022. Growth and physiological effects of chitosan on heat tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Grass Res 2. DOI: 10.48130/GR-2022-0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48130/GR-2022-0006
Li Y, Fang F, Wei J, Wu X, Cui R, Li G, …, Tan D. 2019. Humic acid fertilizer improved soil properties and soil microbial diversity of continuous cropping peanut: A Three-Year Experiment. Sci Rep 9(1):1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48620-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48620-4
Mackiewicz-Walec E, Olszewska M. 2023. Biostimulants in the Production of Forage Grasses and Turfgrasses. Agric. 13(9). DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091796 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091796
Nikolouli K, Sassù F, Ntougias S, Stauffer C, Cáceres C, Bourtzis K. 2021. Enterobacter sp. Aa26 as a protein source in the larval diet of drosophila suzukii. Insects 12(10):1-16. DOI:10.3390/insects12100923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12100923
Nyenje ME, Green E, Ndip RN. 2013. Evaluation of the effect of different growth media and temperature on the suitability of biofilm formation by Enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from food samples in South Africa. Molecules 18(8):9582-93. DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089582
Osman A, Merwad ARM, Mohamed AH, Sitohy M. 2021. Foliar spray with pepsin-and papain-whey protein hydrolysates promotes the productivity of pea plants cultivated in clay loam soil. Molecules 26(9). DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092805
Pramanik K, Mitra S, Sarkar A, Maiti TK. 2018. Alleviation of phytotoxic effects of cadmium on rice seedlings by cadmium resistant PGPR strain Enterobacter aerogenes MCC 3092. J Hazard Mater 351:317-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.009
Regelink IC, Koopmans GF. 2021. Effects of biostimulants and fertilization on nutrient uptake by grass and composition of soil pore water versus 0.01 M CaCl2 soil extracts. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 52(20):2516-32. DOI: 10.1080/00103624.2021.1953051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2021.1953051
Ren H, Islam MS, Wang H, Guo H, Wang Z, Qi X, …, Li B. 2022. Effect of humic acid on soil physical and chemical properties, microbial community structure, and metabolites of decline diseased bayberry. Int J Mol Sci 23(23):1-22. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314707
Rojas-Solis D, Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Sohlenkamp C, Santoyo G. 2023. Cardiolipin synthesis in Pseudomonas fluorescens UM270 plays a relevant role in stimulating plant growth under salt stress. Microbiol Res 268. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2022.127295
Rouphael Y, Franken P, Schneider C, Schwarz D, Giovannetti M, Agnolucci M, …, Colla G. 2015. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi act as biostimulants in horticultural crops. Sci Hortic 196(081):91-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.002
Sahaja K, Pudukarapu L. 2019. Preprint not peer rev Preprin tnot peer ved. 6(6):1-4.
Schubert R, Werner S, Cirka H, Rödel P, Moya YT, Mock HP, …, Hause B. 2020. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhization on fruit quality in industrialized tomato production. Int J Mol Sci 21(19):1-15. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197029
Shahrajabian MH, Petropoulos SA, Sun W. 2023. Survey of the influences of microbial biostimulants on horticultural crops: Case studies and successful paradigms. Horticulturae 9(2):1-24. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9020193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020193
Shibaeva T, Sherudilo E, Bogolitsyn K, Parshina A, Mamatmurodov K. 2023. Plant growth promoting properties of four arctic seaweed extracts. BIO Web Conf 57. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20235706005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235706005
Stingl U, Choi CJ, Dhillon B, Schiavon M. 2022. The lack of knowledge on the microbiome of golf turfgrasses impedes the development of successful microbial products. Agronomy 12(1):1-13. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12010071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010071
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Petropoulos SA, Shahrajabian N. 2023. Developing sustainable agriculture systems in medicinal and aromatic plant production by using chitosan and chitin-based biostimulants. Plants12(13). DOI: 10.3390/plants12132469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132469
Tütüncü M. 2024. Effects of protein hydrolysate derived from anchovy by-product on plant growth of primrose and root system architecture analysis with machine learning. Horticulturae 10(4). DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10040400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040400
Ugolini L, Malaguti L, Matteo R, Pagnotta E, Beleggia R, Righetti L. 2023. Protein hydrolysates from Crambe abyssinica seed cake as potential biostimulants for root development. Agronomy 13(11):1-19. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13112755 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112755
Ullah A, Farooq M, Hussain M. 2020. Improving the productivity, profitability and grain quality of kabuli chickpea with co-application of zinc and endophyte bacteria Enterobacter sp. MN17. Arch Agron Soil Sci 66(7):897-912. DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2019.1644501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1644501
Veilumuthu P, Nagarajan T, Sasikumar S, Siva R, Jose S, Christopher JG. 2022. Streptomyces sp. VITGV100: An endophyte from Lycopersicon esculentum as new source of indole type compounds. Biochem Syst Ecol 105:104523. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2022.104523
Wang M, Gao L, Dong S, Sun Y, Shen Q, Guo S. 2017. Role of silicon on plant–pathogen interactions. Front Plant Sci 8:1-14. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00701
White JF, Chang X, Kingsley KL, Zhang Q, Chiaranunt P, Micci A, …, Kowalski KP. 2021. Endophytic bacteria in grass crop growth promotion and biostimulation. Grass Res 1: 1-9. DOI: 10.48130/GR-2021-0005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48130/GR-2021-0005
Wiśniewska-Kadzajan B, Stefaniak G. 2020. Effects of slurry applied with soil conditioners and mineral fertilizers on fiber fraction content in Festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) A. Camus. Appl Sci 10(18):1573-83. DOI: 10.3390/APP10186554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186554
Wolski K, Biernacik M, Świerszcz S, Talar-Krasa M, Leshchenko O. 2019. Effect of the application of a biostimulant and mineral fertilizers on the concentration of mineral elements in the sward of forage mixtures cultivated on light soil. J Elem 24(1):385-97. DOI: 10.5601/jelem.2018.23.2.1569 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2018.23.2.1569
Xia Q, Rufty T, Shi W. 2021. Predominant microbial colonizers in the root endosphere and rhizosphere of turfgrass systems: Pseudomonas veronii, Janthinobacterium lividum, and Pseudogymnoascus spp. Front Microbiol 12:1-13. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021. 643904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.643904
Zahra AM, Sinaga ANK, Nugroho BDA, Masithoh RE. 2024. Effect of plant biostimulants on red and green romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) growth in indoor farming. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1297(1). DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1297/1/012008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1297/1/012008
Zheng X, Wang J, Chen Z, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Liu B. 2019. A Streptomyces sp. strain: Isolation, identification, and potential as a biocontrol agent against soilborne diseases of tomato plants. Biol Control 136:104004. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104004
Zouari N, Bougdaoua H, El Mtili N. 2023. Effect of liquid seaweed (Ulva rigida) extract on the growth and rooting of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.). J Appl Biol Biotechnol 11(1):55-60. DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2023.110107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2023.110107
Żurek G, Wiewióra B, Rybka K, Prokopiuk K. 2022. Different response of perennial ryegrass—Epichloë endophyte symbiota to the elevated concentration of heavy metals in soil. J Appl Genet 63(1):47-59. DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00661-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-021-00661-0
Zydlik Z, Zydlik P. 2023. The effect of a preparation containing humic acids on the growth, yield, and quality of strawberry fruits (Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier). Agronomy 13(7). DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13071872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071872
Copyright (c) 2025 Tamilselvi, Anjali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree with the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work 1 year after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-noncommerical-noderivates 4.0 International License that allows others to share, copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format, but only where the use is for non-commercial purposes and an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal is mentioned.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
