The selected area of this study is in West Java Indonesia. West Java is divided into 18 districts and 9 cities Figure 1. Climate in West Java is varied following landscapes. The North and South of West Java were characterized by low land and coastal areas. While the central of West Java is characterized by mountainous areas. The lowest temperature is 9 °C and can reach 34 °C in the coastal regions. In the mountainous areas of West Java, the annual rainfall can range from 3,000 mm to 5,000 mm.

Survey activities were conducted over two months in 2024 at nine sampling locations throughout West Java Figure 1. The sampling sites were chosen based on the presence of natural habitats suitable for C. javensis. To document the presence of C. javensis, we utilized direct visual observation, known as the Visual Encounter Survey (VES), along with a database assembled from literature reviews, including scientific articles and official reports published by government organizations, such as the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry's agency for agriculture and forestry. VES was employed purposefully by surveying natural habitats including forests and plantations where C. javensis may grow. The surveys were established using ten plots randomly placed in each sampling location throughout West Java. Each plot measured 20 × 20 m, and it was divided into several square subplots. For detailed observation and recording of C. javensis, 20 × 20 m plots for adult rattan level, 10 × 10 m for pole level, 5 × 5 m for sapling level, and 2 × 2 m for rattan seedling level (Joshi et al., 2017). Global Positioning System (GPS) of Garmin Etrex 30 was utilized to retrieve the geocoordinate locations of C. javensis presences in the field. This information was saved in CSV format and then imported into Microsoft Excel for use in Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) habitat suitability analysis. Because presence-only data is widely available, a presence-only SDM was chosen rather than a generalized linear model (GLM). These methods are relatively easy to implement, requiring only the locations where a species has been observed, and can be useful when absence data is limited or unreliable (Leroy, 2022). According to (Jasni & T, 2007), the identification of C. javensis was based on specific identification keys using C. javensis diagnostic features, voucher specimens, and rattan taxonomist confirmation.

This study examined a range of bioclimatic factors in line with the methods described by (Dong et al., 2023) and (Arshad et al., 2022);Table 1. Particularly in Asia, as highlighted by (Khanum et al., 2013) and (Rana et al., 2017), bioclimatic variables (Bio 1 - Bio 19) from the global climate database WorldClim (www.worldclim.org, version 2.0) (Hijmans et al., 2005) have been widely utilized in modeling the habitat appropriateness at current time. The locality data of West Java was obtained from the WorldClim database by setting the region of interest.

The selection and analysis of environmental factors that significantly impacted the results led to the inclusion of specific bioclimatic variables, aimed at producing an informative and precise model of habitat suitability. A Jackknife analysis was conducted to assess each bioclimatic variable's contribution to the finished model. Several environmental factors identified in the Jackknife analysis were excluded from the model because they had no effect (0% contribution). (Wei et al., 2018) noted that some bioclimatic variables exhibited minimal permutation relevance (less than 6%) or a low average contribution (also less than 6%). Therefore, two critical components for understanding and measuring the importance of bioclimatic variables used in developing the model of species distribution (SDM) are the percentage of contribution and permutation relevance.

This study utilized species distribution modeling using machine learning approach (SDM) techniques within R application version 3.6.3 to generate estimated suitable maps for C. javensis in West Java and its surrounding areas (Mao et al., 2022). The maps of suitability were created using various R packages, including sp, dismo (Unknown Author, 2022), map tools, rgdal (Bivand, 2022), and raster (Lemenkova, 2020). Nineteen environmental variables (Bio 1 - Bio 19) served as inputs for the SDM. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) was employed to evaluate the model's performance. Additionally, the Jackknife test was conducted to determine each environmental variable's contribution and impact on the habitat suitability model for C. javensis (Promnikorn et al., 2019). The AUC values below 0.5 indicate that the model has performance no better than random or contains vague data, while values above 0.5 suggest that the model is highly effective and precise. The AUC value has a range of 0 - 1, with 0 representing the lowest appropriateness and 1 the highest. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were utilized to visualize and analyze the maps of prediction generated by the Species Distribution Models (SDM) (Hijmans et al., 2005). Based on (Wei et al., 2018), five levels of habitat suitability can be identified on the SDM model map: 0 signifies unsuited, 1 indicates the suitability is low, 2 denotes the suitability is moderate, 3 represents the suitability is high, and 4 indicates the suitability is very high.

This investigation utilized two scenarios. The first scenario represents the current state in 2023, while the second scenario projects future conditions based on the RCP 8.5 projections from the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) for the years 2050 and 2070. The future scenario is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) from 2008, which incorporates downscaled data from global climate models in CMIP5. The IPCC's 2014 AR5 report adopted several Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for CMIP5, focusing on variations in levels of greenhouse gas instead of levels of emissions. This new method has replaced the previous projections from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), published in 2000 (Unknown Author, 2009). Based on the expected release of greenhouse gases shortly, these pathways outline four credible future climate scenarios for modeling and research. According to (Unknown Author, 2009), the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, are named according to their projected ranges of radiative forcing values in 2100 relative to pre-industrial levels (+2.6, +4.5, +6.0, and +8.5 W/m², respectively). To forecast the suitable habitat distributions of C. javensis for the years 2050 and 2070, this study employed the RCP8.5 models, which correspond to different climate change scenarios.

Our study showed a total of nine current occurrences of C. javensis across West Java Figure 2. At the current time, 33.33% of C. javensis occurrences were observed in highland landscapes. Those highland landscapes have elevations with a range of 1,619 - 3,078 m above sea level and are located in Garut and between Sukabumi and Cianjur. While 33.33% of C. javensis occurrences were observed in lowland landscapes at elevations having a range of 0 - 798 m above sea level. Then, in general, the preferred current habitats of C. javensis were dominated by highlands with an elevation range of 798 - 3,078 m above sea level. According to regions, C. javensis was very common in Bogor, Sukabumi and Cianjur in comparison to other regions.

The response curves of Calamus javensis associated with the chosen bioclimatic variables in West Java is presented in Figure 3, while Figure 4 shows numerous bioclimatic variables that have more contributions to the distributions of C. javensis in West Java. Those bioclimatic variables were Bio 11, 18, 2, and 16. Bio 11 which is the coldest quarter average temperature variable indicated that the C. javensis prefers habitats having temperature range from 12.5 ^oC to 24.0 ^oC Figure 3. In regard to precipitation, Bio 18 variable indicated that C. javensis prefers habitats which have precipitation of the warmest quarter from 70 mm to 105 mm. Meanwhile, Bio 2 variable indicated that the preferred temperature mean range is 9.0 - 11.5 °C. This narrow range of Bio 2 value is related to the endemism of C. javensis, which can only inhabit limited areas. The Bio 16 variable confirms that the preferred precipitation of the wettest quarter is from 100 mm to 120 mm. High rainfall preferences during the peak of rainy season indicates that the distribution of C. javensis is limited to the mountainous areas where heavy rainfall is common.

In our study, current distributions of C. javensis were widespread, from highlands in mountainous areas to the lowlands around Bogor. This is in agreement with the findings reported in the previous studies. In Cameroon, Calamus resides in elevation with a range of 400 - 1,000 m. In Malaysia, rattan species were recorded ending from an elevation of less than 300 m to 600 m. The rattan species reach high abundance at an elevation of 600 m. In Central Kalimantan, C. javensis was observed residing in the lowlands in the peatland areas (Fambayun & Kalima, 2022). While C. javensis was known to be common in highlands, as reported on Mount Halimun, West Java (Watanabe et al., 2006), (Kalima, 2015) has reported that C. javensis can inhabit areas with an elevation as low as 2 m and as high as 1,200 m above sea level. In West Java, it is widely distributed in the high-elevation areas, including Halimun-Salak and Gede-Pangrango areas. Besides, C. javensis is also recorded in the lowland parks, including in Ujung Kulon. This documented distribution explained the current presence of C. javensis in Sukabumi and Cianjur as parts of the Halimun-Salak and Gede-Pangrango areas. The wide current distribution of C. javensis was related to the seed dispersion that was facilitated by birds and primates allowing wider distributions (Kalima, 2022).

The model of Calamus javensis current distributions in West Java is presented in Figure 5. Based on the estimations, C. javensis was common in the southern regions of West Java, covering Cianjur, Sukabumi, Garut, Bandung, and Bogor Districts. Areas categorized as having very high potential suitability were mostly recorded in Cianjur. Meanwhile, areas classified as high suitability were mostly recorded in Sukabumi and Bandung and small parts in the Bogor bordering Sukabumi and Cianjur.

The models of Calamus javensis distributions in West Java under RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios for years 2050 and 2070 are shown in Figure 6. Based on the estimations, it is observed that climate change has impacted the C. javensis distributions. According to the model, climate change has made suitable habitats for C. javensis in Cianjur, Garut, and Bandung disappear. The only remaining suitable habitats would probably be in Sukabumi. Within 20 years, between the year of 2050 and 2070, it is clear that the remaining suitable habitats for C. javensis classified as having very high suitability will be reduced by 46.34% from 1,025 to only 550 km² in 2070. Also, in 2070, it is predicted that C. javensis would possibly reside in southern parts of Sukabumi. This area is considered a novel area that has never been existed under the current C. javensis distributions. The novelty of these newly predicted areas is that the southern Sukabumi is a lowland and coastal area. Although the current distributions of C. javensis are mostly in highland areas, there is a possibility that this species would occupy coastal areas with low elevation. In South Kalimantan, (Arifin, 2008) observed that C. javensis was common in lowland forests and this supports the possibility of C. javensis to inhabit low coastal areas. In Malaysia, rattans were observed to reach high abundance in the offshore areas.

This study is the first to explore the potential dispersal of C. javensis in specific regions of Southeast Asia. It is comparable to similar habitat suitability studies implemented in other areas, such as (Mehmud et al., 2022) and the Western Ghats in India (Sreekumar & R.2019, n.d.). The findings indicate that temperature and rainfall during the warmest quarter are significant bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of this species. This aligns with previous research Table 2. (Sreekumar & R.2019, n.d.) noted that the dispersal of Calamus species is primarily affected by several factors, such as latitude, the driest quarter precipitation, total annual rainfall, and the coldest month minimum temperature. Overall, climate plays a more critical role than habitat or human effect in shaping the potential distributions of Calamus species. Most rattan species tend to prefer humid climates, making rainfall a key factor influencing the distribution at the landscape scale of these potential Calamus species.

This study confirmed that the climate change presented in the form of bioclimatic variables change the shape and alter the potential distribution area of the Calamus. Combined with the changes in climatic key variables, ranging from temperature to rainfall and seasonality, ongoing increments and changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide (CO₂), influence and affect the growth and physiology of plants, including Calamus. Mainly in the tropics, increasing levels of CO₂ have the potential to increase the growing season leaf area. In addition, elevated CO₂ levels are associated with increased water use efficiency, increased photosynthesis rate, and increased root and stem growth of Calamus. It seems likely that elevated CO₂ have a positive effect on the growth, development, and physiology of Calamus. This explained the presence of Calamus in the area that had never been recorded before, as reported in this study. While not all palm species benefit from the climate change effects, Buttler and (Butler & Larson, 2020) recorded that only one out of four species of palms are benefitted due to climate change. Others are remained stable and other are slightly increase. This condition is relevant to the condition and explains that the Calamus in this study has various reactions to the climate change effects.

Calamus is a plant that belongs to the Arecaceae family. The climate change influence on the dispersal and presence of species in the Arecaceae group, or palms, has been validated by earlier reports. Palms have been used as markers for the previous paleoclimate linked to the megathermal because of their sensitivity (Butler & Larson, 2020). For palm species, temperature combined with palm dispersal capacity regulates palm presence. Since the beginning of the Quaternary period in the western hemisphere, palms have been observed to exist and disappear, which also contributes to extinction. It is thought that the existence of climate oscillations is what caused these historical occurrences, which occurred about 2.6 million years ago.

Important details regarding Calamus management, cultivation, and conservation, primarily in West Java, are provided by the anticipated appropriate habitat for Calamus in the future. Commercial Calamus cultivations can be established and applied using the results. It has been noted that the Calamus continues to live in its current habitat and maintain its natural range. Calamus is spreading to the new habitat areas at the same time. This study suggests creating and maintaining natural corridors in conjunction with large-scale forestry-protected areas. In addition to this strategy, the establishment of germplasm banks is advised in order to manage and preserve these significant endemic rattan species mainly in West Java regions.

This study has succeeded in using 13 bioclimatic variables as the determinant factors that have effects on the dispersals of this certain species. In the future, the approach to the appropriate distribution of rattan is recommended to be developed by incorporating more determinant variables, including environmental variables and rattan seed dispersal facilitated by winds, birds and primates.