BIODIVERS is a bio-science general audience magazine launched in December 2021 by the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Tropical Biology (SEAMEO BIOTROP). As a scientific publication, it is designed to increase awareness and literacy on issues related to saving Tropical Biodiversity from the “Mountain to the Ocean” (MOTO). The scope of BIODIVERS includes the following (1) Ecosystem Restoration and Conservation, (2) Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, Bioenergy, Biotechnology, Food Security, and (3) Ecosystem Resilience in the face of global climate change.
Authors who publish with this journal agree with the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work 1 year after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-noncommerical-noderivates 4.0 International License that allows others to share, copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format, but only where the use is for non-commercial purposes and an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal is mentioned. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Comparative Review of Bioinformatics and Wheat Protoplast Assays for Effector Identification in Pathogenic Fungi
Fungal effectors are key pathogenicity factors, but their identification in wheat pathogens is challenging due to lack of conserved motifs and rapid evolution. This review compares two complementary approaches for effector discovery: bioinformatics pipelines for large-scale in silico prediction and wheat protoplast assays for functional validation in a homologous host system. We analyze the strengths, limitations, and complementarity of each method, and propose an integrated, iterative workflow that sequentially leverages computational prediction and experimental screening. This synergistic strategy accelerates the accurate identification of effectors and their cognate resistance genes, providing a critical foundation for breeding durable disease-resistant wheat varieties and enhancing global food security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annisa Amelia Rosa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Jakarta’s Urban Green Spaces as Butterfly Habitats and Its Implications for Climate Mitigation
Jakarta’s urban green spaces are more than city parks. They are small ecosystems alive with pollinators that keep urban nature functioning. To understand how vegetation and human activity influence butterfly diversity, this study surveyed five parks across the city using standardized observation methods, namely the Pollard Walk and Point Count. A total of 157 butterflies representing 22 species were recorded, with Eurema sp. appearing most frequently. Parks with lush, layered vegetation like Penjaringan Urban Forest Park hosted the most species, while heavily urbanized areas had fewer. The findings reveal that preserving diverse plants and reducing disturbance can make cities more resilient to climate change, one butterfly at a time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Nazwa Aulia Maharani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Guardians of the Forest Floor: Learning Conservation from the Asian Forest Tortoise (Manouria emys)
Deep within the tropical forests of Southeast Asia, the Asian forest tortoise (Manouria emys) moves with the quiet memory of millions of years. Yet today, its path is threatened by deforestation, illegal trade, and a warming climate. In Bengkulu, Indonesia, the University of Bengkulu’s ex-situ program has successfully increased the survival and breeding success of rescued tortoises, providing controlled habitats where health, behavior, and reproduction can be monitored. Supported by collaboration with the University of North Carolina Greensboro, the program rehabilitates confiscated individuals and prepares them for long-term population recovery. Beyond protecting a species, this initiative transforms conservation into education, where the tortoise becomes a living teacher of patience, empathy, and coexistence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ariyoga Pratama, Aceng Ruyani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ecosystem Restoration and Conservation in Singkarak Lake Protection Area: Impacts of Reclamation
Reclamation and landfilling activities within protected zones pose serious threats to ecosystem sustainability by altering natural land–water interactions and violating the essential functions of Singkarak Lake’s riparian buffer. This study aims to map the extent of reclamation, examine legal violations related to spatial and environmental permits, and assess ecological and economic losses. A mixed-methods approach was used, including geospatial analysis, normative legal review, and ecocentric valuation of environmental damage. Results show that 2,976 m² of land was illegally reclaimed within the protected lake boundary. Overlay with the regional spatial plan confirms non-compliance with zoning regulations and the absence of required permits. The total estimated loss amounts to Rp 3,383,291,152, largely driven by disrupted hydrological functions and reduced land utility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tommy Adam, Hanif Muhammad, Ilham Gusri Randa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Innovative Utilization of Agricultural Waste for Sustainable Bio-Based Materials Development
Agricultural waste poses serious environmental challenges while offering untapped opportunities for bio-based innovation. This aim study is to evaluate an integrated process for converting agricultural residues (rice husks, corn cobs, and sugarcane bagasse) into sustainable bio-based composites. We applied pyrolysis (450–500 °C), biocomposite synthesis, and green-chemistry techniques to produce and characterize novel biomass-derived materials. The resulting composites exhibited high thermal stability (≈280 °C) and tensile strength (15–28 MPa), highlighting their potential as alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. This approach also reduced open burning and carbon emissions by about 35%, supporting biodiversity, bioenergy development, and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production). These findings demonstrate a viable pathway for valorizing agricultural waste in a circular bio-based economy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Nur Aisah, Puput Rahayu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioconversion of Oil Palm Waste into Protein-Based Bioplastic Using BSF (Hermetia illucens) Larvae
This study addressed the environmental challenge of palm oil waste by utilizing Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) and Oil Palm Kernel Cake (OPKC) as substrates for Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) larvae bioconversion. The larvae were cultivated after OPEFB pre-treatment through milling, hydrolysis, and saccharification with Aspergillus niger to enhance digestibility. Protein extracted from larvae was used to produce protein-based bioplastics. Result showed consistent larval growth and consumption rates but variation in waste reduction efficiency, with the 7:3 substrate ratio yielding the highest reduction. Bioplastics exhibited good elasticity and biodegradability, while protein enrichment improved mechanical strength and reduced water absorption. This approach demonstrates a sustainable alternative for managing palm oil waste and producing eco-friendly bioplastics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Gunawan, Intan Rohyana Devi, Maharana, Maharani, Rudy Agung Nugroho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), a severe and sometimes life-threatening disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes, often leads to a sharp drop in platelet counts and triggers intense immune reactions called cytokine storms. There has been no specific cure; a reality that triggers us to explore natural remedies that might help, one of which comes from an unexpected source: yellow onion peels. How do the yellow onion peels work against dengue virus? Let’s continue reading.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marlita Sekarwangi, Nisa Abidah, Fani Nur Maftukhah, Almayra Khanza Fahrani, Ratna Mustika Sari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ever heard of PCR? It is a laboratory technique that copies tiny DNA pieces in a fast manner, but it needs a ‘primer’ (like a GPS) to mark where to start. PCR method helps in studying Indonesia’s blue curcumin (Curcuma aeruginosa). By picking the right primers, genetic tags for genes like ITS1, rbcL, or matK, can help scientists in copying key DNA segments, which is known as. DNA barcoding: using genes as a plant’s ‘ID card’ for identification. Here we show how finding these primers will aid to the conservation and science-based herbal medicine. Small tools, big impact on biodiversity!
Gracecielo Isaiah Poetra Andriyanto Gunawan
Copyright (c) 2025 Gracecielo Isaiah Poetra Andriyanto Gunawan, Dewi Rahmawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Native Plant Offers Hope for Cleaner Water
Freshwater ecosystems around the world are under increasing pressure from pollution, climate change, and urban development. Finding affordable and environmentally friendly ways to treat polluted water is more important than ever. A recent study has turned to nature for help; specifically, to Limnocharis flava (yellow velvetleaf), a common aquatic plant native to Malaysia. We tested this plant’s natural ability to clean water by placing it in samples from a detention pond at Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah. Over the course of nine days, Limnocharis flava caused changes in key water quality indicators, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO). The results were promising. Limnocharis flava noticeably improved water quality, showing that this humble plant could be a powerful ally in low-cost, sustainable water treatment efforts; especially intropical regions where it already thrives. Interesting results, indeed. Let’s dwell further!
Copyright (c) 2025 Tuan Noor Rafidah Binti Tuan Hassan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Coffee is a daily favorite beverage for many Filipinos, but once the brew is done, the leftover grounds—known as spent coffee grounds (SCGs)—are usually tossed out. What most people don’t realize is that these leftover grounds are packed with nutrients that can actually benefit our soil and boost plant growth. We tested discarded Robusta SCGs, both in their raw and burnt forms. It turned out that the SCGs could be used as organic fertilizers for tomato plants. How so?
Copyright (c) 2025 Jehan Grace M. Lachica, Merhama T. Salic, Shannel S. Marabong, Almerah A. Mala-amama, Jehanne A. Campong, Shaihanie M. Dimangadap http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kulon Progo Regency in Indonesia is home to a rich variety of geological features, an underground landscape that holds great promise for water resources like natural springs. Yet, in 2019, the community of Girimulyo Subdistrict faced a troubling clean water shortage, highlighting a growing need for smarter water management. To better understand where water is available and how it flows, researchers turned to modern mapping tools. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, along with field surveys and measurements of spring water flow, scientists set out to chart the location and behavior of springs across the region. They used ArcGIS software and a method called Nearest Neighbor Analysis to uncover patterns in the data. What they found was surprising: springs in Kulon Progo do not follow a regular pattern; they appear scattered randomly across the landscape. The strength of each spring’s water flow also varied, depending on the land’s slope and the type of soil. These findings are not just academic. They offer a practical foundation for improving how the region manages its water; a critical step toward preventing future water crises and ensuring clean water access for all. Want to know more? Let’s read this!
Copyright (c) 2025 Intan Nur Aisah, Dito Hardiansyah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In response to the growing challenges of diesel powered irrigation, Egypt’s El Beheira Governorate has embraced solar-powered systems to support more sustainable agricultural practices. This article reflects on Egypt’s transition, focusing on the environmental, economic, and social impacts of solar irrigation. With notable improvements in water efficiency, reduced pollution, and better rural livelihoods, this case study highlights solar energy’s potential as a catalyst for greener farming.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Norzaemah Binti Mohd Rashid, Nur Azemah Binti Aminludin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has long been known for its health benefits. However, did you know that there is a unique variant called Blue Curcumin? Due to its extraordinary potential, this compound has begun to attract the attention of researchers and the health industry. Blue curcumin has extensive health benefits, ranging from antioxidants to anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer. In the pharmaceutical industry, blue turmeric can be developed into herbal medicines, cosmetics, essential oils, and health supplements. Identification of blue curcumin species is challenging due to its similarity to other species, color variations, and limitations of conventional identification methods. With a more scientific approach, such as DNA analysis, errors in identification can be reduced. We just started a study to validate the blue curcumin species using a DNA barcoding approach based on the ITS2, rpoC1, and trnH-psbA genes. A wide impact of our study ranges from strengthening species identification, utilization in pharmaceuticals, and increasing economic competitiveness, to biodiversity conservation. We do hope that this study will provide a comprehensive analysis that can help conserve and sustainably utilize this important resource.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Rahmawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Improving the Nutritional Quality (Protein, Fat, Ash and Water Content) of Water Spinach (Ipomoea Reptans Poir) Through Aquaponics and Hydroponics
Soilless cultivation such as hydroponics and aquaponics is now a popular alternative for modern agriculture. Water spinach (Ipomoea Reptans Poir) is widely cultivated, but the influence of cultivation techniques on its proximate values ​​remains minimal. This study aims to analyze and compare the water, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate content of water spinach from hydroponic, aquaponic, and conventional cultivation. The methods cover the cultivation process up to harvest, as well as proximate analysis (SNI 01-2891-1992). The results show that cultivation techniques influence nutrient content. Hydroponic water spinach has the highest protein, fat, and ash content; aquaponic water spinach has the highest water content; and conventional water spinach has the highest carbohydrate content. These differences demonstrate the importance of selecting cultivation methods according to nutritional needs and the potential for improving nutritional quality through hydroponics and aquaponics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sa'i Hendri Yana, Dewi Suryani Oktavia B, Sata Yoshida Srie Rahayu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Risk Management of Genetically Modified Organism Product: Experience from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have become a subject of significant debate and monitoring due to their potential implications for human health, environmental impact, and socioeconomic considerations. As a result, risk management strategies and regulatory frameworks have been developed to assess and mitigate the potential risks associated with GMOs. This review focuses on examining the current landscape of risk management approaches and regulations pertaining to GMOs. The review analyzes the key components of risk management, including risk assessment, risk communication and bioethics. It explores the role of regulatory authorities in establishing guidelines for the evaluation and approval of GMOs, ensuring their safety for human consumption and minimizing potential environmental risks. The study also investigates the involvement of international organizations in harmonizing regulations and facilitating global trade of GMO products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Suryani Oktavia, Rhomi Ardiansyah, H.M. Salman Alfarisi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effect of Mycorrhiza Application and Phosphorus Addition on AMF Spores Density and Pueraria javanica Growth
One of the suitable host plants for AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) is Pueraria javanica. Several factors that can affect the growth of P. javanica are the availability of nutrients and the activity of potential soil microbes, such as AMF. Applying potential soil microbes (AMF) to plants can increase plant growth, chlorophyll levels, and enzyme activity, and even improve soil quality. The ability of AMF to increase plant nutrient absorption causes plants with AMF tend to have optimum growth. The study aimed to understand the effect of AMF application and phosphorus (P) nutrients addition on AMF spore density and P. javanica growth. The experiment used a completely randomized design with one factor (formulation). Results of the study proved that phosphorus (P) addition was able to reduce AMF spore densities (Glomus etunicatum and Glomus mosseae) 3 weeks after application (WAA). The availability of P in a fairly high amount around the root area caused plants to reduce their dependence on AMF, which resulted in a decrease in AMF colonization and AMF spore densities. On the other hand, adding P nutrients proved to increase growth parameters (plant height and number of leaves) of P. javanica because AMF helped the absorption of P and received carbon from plants in return. Treatment P6 (G. etunicatum 10 g + without phosphorus) had the highest spore density value (400.33/10 g planting media), and treatment P9 (G. mosseae 10 g + phosphorus 10 ppm) showed the highest increase in plant height of 13.333 (P < 0.05) 3 weeks after application. Meanwhile, the maximum increase in the number of leaves occurred in plants that received 10 g of G. mosseae and 10 ppm of P every two days for three weeks. Studying AMF spore density can significantly improve plant growth, agronomic efficiency, and agricultural sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Risa Rosita, Jennifer Claudia Suryadi, Deden Dewantara Eris http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ethnomedicinal Study and Phytochemistry Analysis of Antihypertensive and Anticholesterol Plants in Sukaharja Village, Lebak Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia
Medicinal plants are still used by people to treat many diseases, such as to lower cholesterol levels and hypertension. In Sukaharja Village, Lebak Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia, for example, the Baduy tribe still believe in practicing traditional medication. The village location is far away from the nearest health facilities. This ethnomedicinal study was conducted in the year 2023 by applying a quantitatively descriptive method. Data were collected by interviewing several respondents selected by purposive and snowball sampling methods. The list of plants was then verified by field observation, followed by species authentication, and use value (UV) calculation. Fresh samples of plants were made into simplicia and underwent phytochemical screening, including a TLC test, in a laboratory. From 50 respondents, we obtained information on 21 plant species used to lower cholesterol levels and for treating hypertension. The highest UV of plants used to lower cholesterol levels were Peperomia pellucida (0.56) and Annona muricata (0.52), while for treating hypertension were A. muricata (0.60), followed by Allium sativum (0.56). All of the plants used contained flavonoids, and selected plants examined by TLC test were revealed to be similar to quercetin. Traditional medication practices need to be preserved, which is as important as conserving medicinal plants that are precious biodiversity in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rindita Rindita, Sherley Sherley , Muhammad Alifian Dewantara, Muhammad Nur Akhmal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effectiveness of DNA Barcoding Primers in Red Algae (Rhodophyta) Identification
Red algae (Rhodophyta) are vital primary producers in marine ecosystems and are economically significant due to their wide use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The significant utilization of red algae indicates that these organisms require conservation and protection from extinction, therefore, accurate identification is a must. Traditional morphological approaches face challenges due to their simplicity and plasticity; however, molecular techniques, such as DNA barcoding can overcome these limitations. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using ITS1, Cox2-3, rbcL 1, and rbcL 2 primers for barcoding seven red algae species, focusing on amplification success and sequencing quality. All of the above-mentioned primers have demonstrated a noteworthy amplification rate of success, with 100% efficacy observed for ITS1 and rbcL 2. However, only Cox2-3, rbcL 1, and rbcL 2 primers exhibited a high-quality read based on the sequencing quality score, indicating their reliability in capturing the target sequence for identification. The results strongly suggested that rbcL 2 is the optimal choice for identifying Rhodophyta due to its high amplification rate and high-quality sequencing results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aidil Zaid Khan, Ardian Putra Fernando, Edo Agam Pamungkas, Ayu Andhira, Rifa Nur Ishlah, Denia Dwi Citra Resmi, Farida Damayanti, Dewi Rahmawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spore Production and Inoculum Formulation of Claroideoglomus Etunicatum and its Application in Maize (Zea Mays)
Recently, the demand for AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi) fertilizer for agriculture, plantation, and forestry in Indonesia has been very high. Meanwhile, the unavailability of an applicable AMF inoculum that's easy to use and inexpensive is one of the constraints on AMF application as a fertilizer in the field. It indicates that the best formulated inoculum must be found. The study aimed to produce AMF spores using conventional and hydroponic system, formulate the best AMF inoculum, and measure the growth response in maize (Zea mays) after applying the formulated inoculum. In the formulation stage, the study was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 1 factor. The factor was the type of formulation. Data were analyzed using SAS software version 9 and further tested using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% alpha (α) level. The results reported that the conventional pot culture technique (CVNE2) treatment that had been inoculated by Claroideoglomus etunicatum produced the highest spore density amount of 350 ± 6.97 per 10 g of zeolites (P<0.05). On the other hand, the hydroponic NFT (NFTE2) treatment that had been inoculated by C. etunicatum obtained the highest AMF percent colonization amount of 98% ± 2.66% (P<0.05). Analysis of variance in the formulation stage showed TZ60F1 treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05) in increasing plant height, the number of leaves, and dry weight of Zea mays, respectively 120 cm ± 1.7 cm; 15 ± 0.84; 26.3 g ± 2.46 g in 3 months after application.
Copyright (c) 2024 Risa Rosita, Deden Dewantara Eris, Aslan Aslan, Zulhamsyah Imran http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The First Report on the Brachyuran Crab Diversity in Mandalika and Their Commercial Value
West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, encompasses the western part of the Lesser Sunda Islands with a long coastline that supports a rich biodiversity of coastal biota. Brachyuran crabs constitute one of the most diverse invertebrate groups in the coastal ecosystem. This research aimed to record the biodiversity of brachyuran crabs and their commercial value in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of Mandalika in Central Lombok, Indonesia. Data were collected by hand, scoop, and trap using the random sampling method. In the current study, we have compiled, for the first time, a checklist of 402 individual brachyuran crabs belonging to 22 genera, 13 families, and 35 species from Mandalika. The present study revealed that Mandalika has a comparable number of species to those in previous studies from other coastal areas on Lombok Island. The commercial value of the crabs is in line with their edibility. The family Ocypodidae comprised 43% of all the brachyuran crabs reported from Mandalika. The findings emphasise the importance of their habitat in Mandalika and the potency of brachyuran crabs to support government food security programs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dewi Citra Murniati, Tri Arfianti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effect of Storage Period and Mixing Techniques on the Chemical Content of Environmentally Friendly BIOPOS Organic Compost at SEAMEO BIOTROP
SEAMEO BIOTROP produces daily waste from oyster mushroom baglog (Pleurotus ostreatus), dry organic waste that contains little water, such as dry leaves, grass straw, and citronella distilled waste. Managing oyster mushroom baglog waste, leaf waste, grass straw, and citronella distilled waste independently at SEAMEO BIOTROP as organic compost BIOPOS (BIOTROP Compost) is an environmentally friendly practice and can provide benefits both economically and ecologically. Apart from being carried out to protect biodiversity from decline, this study can also keep the soil system healthy and sustainable. The aim of this research is to: (1) make BIOPOS organic compost through the use of oyster mushroom baglog, leaf waste, leaf straw, and citronella distilled waste; (2) determine the influence of various types of BIOPOS organic compost (KT1, KT2, KT3) on the chemical content of compost. Research stages include: (1) creating BIOPOS organic compost, (2) measuring the chemical content of BIOPOS organic compost, and (3) measuring the effectiveness of BIOPOS. During the storage period of 30 dam up to 180 dam, BIOPOS organic compost which still contains N (0,54%), P (36,8%), K (7,23%) and complies with SNI 19-7030-2004 quality standards is KT3. In measuring C-Organic value, BIOPOS code KT2 with a storage period of 30 dam gained C-Organic amount of 28,36%, satisfying quality standards. The application of BIOPOS KT1, KT2, and KT3 with a pH range of 8,2- 8,3 high pH can be used to correct problems that often occur in acidic soils and is not effective when applied to sub-optimal alkaline soils because it will cause soil pH to increase sharply. Key words: BIOPOS, citronella distilled waste, grass straw, leaf waste, oyster mushroom baglog waste
Copyright (c) 2024 Risa Rosita, Zulhamsyah Imran, S.Pi., M.Si., Allegra Aura Fitra, Amelia Cantrika Dewi, David Yudhoyono Bayuaji, Dede Eris, Sri Widayanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bamboo Utilization in the Peleng Island: Unveiling Local Knowledge and Diverse Applications
Bamboo is a useful plant that holds significant cultural and economic importance, particularly in small Indonesian islands like Peleng Island in Central Sulawesi. This paper explores bamboo utilization on Peleng Island, aiming to broaden our understanding of bamboo use on small Indonesian islands and shed light on local wisdom in bamboo utilization. The research was conducted on Peleng Island in 2019. Information on bamboo utilization was gathered through in-depth interviews with residents. Bamboo materials were collected and sent to the Herbarium Bogoriense for identification. The data were analysed descriptively. There are six bamboo species utilized on Peleng Island, namely Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa atter, Neololeba atra, Schizostachyum brachycladum, and Schizostachyum lima. Bamboo on Peleng Island is used for building materials (roofs, pillars, and wall weaving), cooking traditional foods like nasi jaha and bambu suman, and for various other uses (ornamental plants, water containers, stairs, poles for picking fruits/cloves, pest traps, and fish trap).
Copyright (c) 2024 I Putu Gede P. Damayanto, Susila http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The EFFECT OF POLYSTYRENE PAPER STYROFOAM FEED ON SURVIVORSHIP AND GROWTH OF Tenebrio molitor L.
Polystyrene Paper Styrofoam (PSP) styrofoam waste is one of the plastic waste that is difficult to degrade. However, from the recently research reported that the PSP styrofoam can be degradated by Tenebrio molitor L. The degradation depends on composition of PSP styrofoam as a part of feeding. This research was aimed to get the composition of good feed to increase the degradation rate of the PSP styrofoam waste, but it still had a good effect on the survivorship and growth of T molitor L. larvae. This research was an experimental laboratory and designed using a control and seven treatments with 3 replications. The parameters observed were survivorship, growth in body length, biomass, and waste degradation rate. The data obtained was analysed using Anova and Duncan test. The results showed that differences in PSP styrofoam waste feed had a significant effect on survivorship (p=0.00), on the growth of body length (p=0.002) and biomass (p=0.00), and waste degradation rate (p=0.02). The research revealed that lower the composition of PSP styrofoam and higher the composition of concentrate combination effected on increasing the survivorship, growth, and waste degradation rate. The result shows that 1 kg T molitor L. larvae can degrade 0.25 kg of PSP styrofoam waste for 60 days. The finding can be used to solve the problem according to the styrofoam pollution.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wachju Subchan, A S, Eko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The EFFECT OF ORGANIC LEACHATE AND RICE WASHING WATER ON COMPOSTING TIME OF ORGANIC WASTE
Waste is an integral part of human life. The increase in population is one factor that increases the waste generated. The more the population, the more activities are carried out. Organic leachate and rice washing water are environmentally friendly compost activators and are easily obtained from daily activities. Composting is a waste management strategy. Composting is an organic method through the activity of microorganisms to decompose natural materials into materials, including humus. The purpose of this study was to determine the moisture content, temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and macro nutrients during the composting process. The physical parameters of compost from the three activator concentrations showed that the treatment of P3 (with the addition of leachate formulation 20 ml/kg and rice washing water 15 ml/kg) and P2 (with the formulation adding 20 ml/kg leachate and 10 ml rice washing water), the physical compost were brownish black in color, fine textured and smelled of soil on the 22nd day. The P3 treatment has met the quality criteria of compost according to SNI 19-7030-2004, the moisture content (30%), temperature (27°C), pH (6,8), C-Organic (32,9%), Nitrogen (1,42%), Phosphor (0,65%) and Potassium (1,63%). For the C/N ratio, the result of all treatments did not meet the quality criteria of compost according to SNI 19-7030-2004. The C/N ratio of all treatments showed that it is still above the maximum standard that has been set at 20.
Copyright (c) 2024 Husnawati Yahya, Arief Rahman, Rezeki Win Kuara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Habitat suitability and niche interaction between the invasive snail Achatina fulica and its biocontrol flatworm Platydemus manokwari in Southeast Asia
Bioinvasions are increasingly altering community structures around the world, especially with the changing climate. In invaded areas, biocontrol agents are introduced to regulate the invasive species. However, without thorough evaluation, these agents can proliferate and threaten other organisms. We assessed the niche dynamics between invasive Achatina fulica (Giant African Snail) and its biocontrol agent, the Platydemus manokwari (New Guinea Flatworm), in Southeast Asia. Species occurrence and environmental data were used to model the habitat suitability of both species in the present and future climate scenarios using ecological niche modeling with the MaxEnt algorithm. These models predicted 25.9% and 42.0% of the current conditions to be suitable and 73.8% and 57.8% to be unsuitable for A. fulica and P. manokwari, respectively. There was a predicted steady increase in suitable areas and a gradual decrease in A. fulica’s unsuitable areas as the carbon emissions are predicted to increase. Moderate to high niche overlap of 61.2% to 83.4% was expected between the species under different climate scenarios. Predicting the suitable areas for invasive species and their niche interaction with other species in future scenarios will aid in identifying vulnerable areas for conservation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Britney Ann Yu, Geofe Cadiz, Mary Joyce Flores, Brisneve Edullantes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Relative Protein Profile of Philippine cinnamomum (Schaeffer) Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
Philippine Cinnamomum are trees with aromatic leaves and bark. It has several economic and medicinal uses, but concerns about protein profile are limited. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the relative protein component of the species by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A total of 27 cinnamon species were run in Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-Page) with LSB (Laemli Sample Buffer) and Tris HCI (1:1) as sample buffer. Determining protein profiles is a tool for the systematic classification of the species. Results showed that Philippine Cinnamomum leaf samples have the same component proteins. The SDS-PAGE provided a similar protein banding pattern, although the same bands' intensity varies. Pronounced protein bands were observed corresponding to 50 to 75 kDa and 25 kDa, with additional minor bands indicating a higher protein content. The results in SDS-PAGE showed that the component proteins of Cinnamomum leaves were comparable regardless of geographical source and different stages of growth of the samples. However, the concentration of some component proteins may vary, as indicated by the difference in intensity of protein bands. Sodium dodecyl sulphate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is a tool in the biochemical method of determining the relative protein profile of Cinnamomum species. It can be used to classify plants up to the species level. Based on the study results, Philippine Cinnamomum has a higher protein content that can be used in culinary, medicinal, and pharmaceuticals.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mercedita L. Arañas - Laurie http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS BASED ON LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN SEDAYU VILLAGE, JUMANTONO, KARANGANYAR
Medicinal plants are one of the important aspects of traditional medicine development. The utilization of medicinal plants is a very valuable local wisdom and a culture that needs to be investigated more thoroughly so that knowledge about it does not become extinct. The purpose of this study is to determine the plant species that were used, the parts of plants that were used, and how to process them. This research was conducted in May 2023 in Sedayu Village, Jumantono District, Karanganyar Regency. The informants of this research were the people of Sedayu Village. The method used was snowball sampling which focuses on the community of medicinal plant users. The collected data was descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. The results showed that there were 52 species of medicinal plants used by the Sedayu Village community including ginger, kencur, turmeric, red betel, and ciplukan. The most utilized part of medicinal plants was the leaves and the most common processing method was boiling and drinking. With this information, it can be a reference for the village government and the community regarding how important a type of plant as a medicine to be preserved.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ana Agustina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
BEKOL SAVANNA REHABILITATION BY CONTROLLING VACHELLIA NILOTICA WITH TRICLOPYIR AND DESIRED GRASSES REPLANTING
Research works were carried out from 2012 – 2015 to investigate success of controlling broadleaved weed and trees of V.nilotica and planting desired grasses The tretments were combined 3 factors. Factor 1, was the way to apply triclopyr formulated as GARLON 670 EC to control trees of V.nilotica, (1). by brushing the solution of 1% GARLON 670 EC dissolved in diesel oil on the stump of V.nilotica after cutting using a chainsaw, and by (2). brushing at the base of intact standing tree of V. nilotica, from above the ground up to 30 cm height. Factor 2, was grasses (1). Dichanthium caricosum, and (2). Polytrias amaura planted ad 1 x 1 m2. Factor 3 was fertilizer, (1) planted grasses were fertilized with compost derived from goat feces at 100 gr/ single chunk planted, and (2) without fertilizer. The results indicated that grass grew better under the treatment of killing V.nilotica by cutting and brushing with 1% GARLON 670 EC dissolved in diesel oil, while fertilizing D.caricosum was much better to than of P.amaura.
Copyright (c) 2024 Soekisman Tjitrosemito, Ragil Irianto, Garsetiarsih Garsetiarsih, Titiek Setyawati, Atok Subiyakto, Adi Susmianto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
NPK NUTRIENT STATUS IN SOIL AND LEAVES OF PIPER NIGRUM L. UNDER DIFFERENT GROWTH CRITERIA
The pepper plant (Piper nigrum L.) is Indonesia's leading spice commodity. Bangka Belitung as a producing center still has problems in cultivation, including nutrient availability. Nutrients N, P and K are macro elements that really determine the growth of plants, including pepper. This research aims to identify the status of macro nutrients, namely N, P and K in pepper plants in Simpang Katis Village, Central Bangka Regency, through observing growth status, leaf visuals, nutrient analysis and plant tissue analysis. This research was carried out in Simpang Katis Village, Central Bangka Regency in July-September 2023. The experimental method used in this research was observation and laboratory analysis methods. The results of the observation data show that NPK nutrients in land with very good growth criteria have N-total of 0.22%, P2O5 available is; 383.2 mg/kg and available K2O of; 6.4 mg/kg. Plant growth with poor growth criteria has a total N content of 0.20%, P2O5 of 115.1 mg/kg and K20 of 7.1 mg/kg. kg. while plant tissue has an N-Total content of 2.41%, P-Total of 0.26 percent and K-total of 2.47 percent for plants with very good growth criteria and N-total, P-total and K-total respectively - respectively .2.79, 0.32 and 3.95 mg/kg for plant tissue with poor growth criteria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nyayu Siti Khodijah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Natural Regrowth of Mangrove Five Years After a Large-Scale Disturbance
Haiyan, the strongest typhoon on landfall damaged mangrove covers resulting to uprooting, cutting off trunks, total defoliation and eventually death. After five years, Cancabato Bay were monitored for mangal succession and natural regrowth. Basal area was computed using diameter by breast height to estimate recovery. New species reappeared compared to the baseline study of GIZ (2014). Mangroves manifested regrowth and should be given time for natural regeneration and colonization. Natural succession patterns should be considered in human-assisted rehabilitation after disturbance.
Copyright (c) 2023 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0